INTRODUCTION WORKING STRESSES FOR STATIC LOADS WORKING STRESSES FOR FLUCTUATING LOADS WORKING STRESSES FOR CREEP CONDITIONS CONCLUSION FIGURES REFERENCES

Contents Author's Note Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Formative Experience, 1914 — 24 2 The Strategy of Indirect Approach, 1925-30 3 The British Way in Warfare, 1930-34 4 Limited Liability, 1935-39 5 The Critic of Total War 6 The Revolution in Warfare, 1945-50 7 Deterrent or Defence, 1950-60 8 Liddell Hart and the German Generals 9 Liddell Hart's Influence on Israeli Military Theory and Practice Conclusion Appendices Index

What was Shakespeare? For Edward Pechter, the question does not concern the time-worn mystery of identity--whether the Bard was the glover's son from Stratford or the Earl of Oxford or any of the other pretenders. Instead, Pechter examines how our talk about the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries has changed since the 1960s. Viewing today's critical scene with affectionate humor and dauntless penetration, Pechter assesses the problems, the disagreements, the disruptions, and the continuities that have accompanied the reign of poststructuralism

It is the multifarious expression of a nature as quaint, fantastic, various, and mocking as that which created, stone by stone, with infinite labor, that great edifice. The Anatomy is cathedral in its proportions, its unity, its multiplicity, its harmony in an infinitude of details, its size The very construction of the book, the perfect distribution of the forces that produce the whole effect, is nothing less than a triumph of architecture.

mystical empathy for his fellow men, and an acute sensitivity to all the delicately balanced forces at work in the universe. Such a man, or one approaching him in attainments, might then "govern the state and pacify the world." Indeed, all his self-cultivation was directed precisely toward the exercise of power. Thus there devolved upon the sage, and, when a sage did not appear, upon men of lesser wisdom, the awesome duty of assuring harmony in the world. Such men had to persuade and coerce their fellow men into behavior conducive to harmony; they had to devise institutions that would promote such harmony. And they were obliged to do so in the face of appalling obstacles: capricious rulers, self-interested or heterodox men of power, upheavals of nature, alien invasions, the pressing needs of the state, the incubus of past events. What values did the Confucian sage or worthy assert, and what institutions did he favor, as he persisted, generation after generation, in his Sisyphean labors? Harmony, universal and unalloyed, was perhaps the highest good, but in a less abstract sense harmony meant the good society. And the good society was seen as a past utopia, a golden age, the ideally frictionless holistic order that had existed in remote antiquity. That order was a hierarchy: state and society were fused into a seamless whole, and every man knew his place and was content. A monarch presided over the whole, next in rank came the elite, and at the base of the pyramid came the peasantry. The order was not static: Confucians insisted that the elite be open to those of moral worth. Even the monarch, in the utopia of remote antiquity, had been chosen for his merit, and the introduction of the hereditary principle in imperial times led to endless tension and discord. The basic social unit of the Confucian system was the well-ordered family. The family was seen as a microcosm of the socio-political order; the wise father was a model for the wise ruler or minister, and dutiful children were the models for properly submissive subjects who knew their place, their role, and their obligations to others. Both the family and the state were governed by the Zi, the norms of proper social behavior. The ancient sage-kings, it was believed, had prescribed observances, taboos, and rituals that ensured the well-being and happiness of their subjects. Later men had codified these prescriptions, creating a body of norms that provided for all social contingencies. It was the duty of the father to teach the li in the household. It was the duty of the monarch and officials to make them known to the populace so that one and all might live according to the same time-tested norms. The li, spread by fathers, village elders, and government officials, and supplemented by the discipline of ordered family life, would in turn xiv ARTHUR F. WRIGHT campaigns and building projects and the fact that he ultimately lost his throne, saw him as evil through and through. And so they made of him a minatory figure and placed him in the sequence of "bad last" rulers, a category dating from the distant past. Thus stereotyped, Sui Yang-ti found his way into popular story and drama as an arch-villain whose appearance sent thrills of horror through the audience. Feng Tao, studied by Mr. Wang, is a far different type. He was a very ordinary man, a run-of-the-mine Confucian who lived in a time of political upheaval (882-954) and served as a high official under five successive dynasties. Near-contemporary accounts do not make him out a villain, and Feng himself deemed his record spotless. (In an autobiographical statement, he pictured himself as a Confucian paragon: filial, kind, loyal, and all the rest.) The villainous Feng Tao of Confucian tradition was the work of the Neo-Confucian moralists and historians who became increasingly influential from the twelfth century onward. Passionately devoted to reforming and strengthening the Confucian moral code, these men were outraged by Feng's easy accommodation to successive rulers. They singled him out as the very embodiment of deceit, opportunism and disloyalty. Yiieh Fei (1103-41) was perhaps the first of China's "national patriotic" heroes. Having spent the whole of his active life as a military leader against the barbarian enemies to the north of the Sung empire, he was disgraced and murdered by the Chief Minister Ch'in Kuei. Because he died in this way, the usual obituaries and eulogies were not written, and thus the record of his life is scanty. Perhaps for this very reason, there is no ambiguity about the image of Yiieh Fei in history and popular literature. He is the stalwart, single-minded, and dedicated general, as sternly kind to his troops as he was loyal to his ungrateful prince. Sui Yang-ti and Feng Tao became minatory figures, while Yiieh Fei became an exemplar of the heroic virtues. All lost, in the process, some of their traits as believable human beings. The Confucian tradition permitted and indeed encouraged certain varieties of protest. Two of these varieties are illustrated in the papers by Mr. Nivison and Mr. Mote. Mr. Nivison's study of the tradition of protest against the examination system illustrates again the continual tension between Confucian ideals and reality. Some critics urged a return to a simpler society, to the moral order envisioned by the sages, in which men of virtue were recognized, recommended, and employed without benefit of examination. Others felt that the ancient moral order was gone beyond recall and that the examination system should be reformed to turn out more men of intellectual and moral stature, and fewer memorizers, parroters, and the products of cram schools. No extreme positions were 1. Be steadfast in filial piety and brotherhood. 2. Be close to fellow clan members.

It's always simplicity that you should go after in any case. In the scenario, the music, the acting, the style." Ford speaks of the dangers of using too much music in this interview with Axel Madsen, "Cavalier Seul," Cahiers du Cinéma (October 1966) : 51. 9. In his last Western, Cheyenne Autumn (1964), Ford returned to the characters of Earp and Holliday, now transformed into middle-aged card players who see life with cynical detachment. They appear in a broadly comic vignette, set in a saloon, and their world is peopled by madams, card sharks, and bar-room buffoons. Their casual hedonism is unrelated to the main narrative of the film, the tragic story of the heroic sufferings of displaced Cheyenne Indians. The inclusion of the Earp-Holliday sequence (it is not in Ford's source material and it has no historical validity) suggests that Ford intends the scene as an ironic commentary and coda to the vision he embodied in My Darling Clementine.

CONTENTS PART I SOMETHING ABOUT TO HAPPEN TO MY NEPHEW HEADED EVERYWHERE BIRTHDAY IN THE HOUSE OF THE POOR POEM FOR DAVID 8 & OPEN THE WOMAN IN THE MOTOR CHAIR ONE WOMAN'S WORDS TWO WEEKS GOODBYE DYING AS GIFT PARADE LUCKING OUT THE MOMENT THE LAST ONE IN A CHINESE POET DANCES EXERCISES FEET THE ROAD FRANK O'HARA AND IGNOBLE DEATH BE KINDER BEACHED WHALE WIND IN THE WELLS PART II TWILIGHT, NOT NOW HALFWAY BICYCLE ANYTHING AT ALL MAGIC-BOX MAKER HOUSE IMAGINARY COMPANION HOLY COMMUNION MY SON, MOMENTUM MYTH: FOR CAMUS HALF-LIGHT LOVING NEVER THE SAME GOODBYE TO THAT STONES DACHAU AND AFTER THE SMALLEST OF THINGS PART III IT WILL HAPPEN ALL NIGHT CITY OF STRANGERS WHAT LOVE IS MAN / HUSBAND HIDDEN IN HAIR THIRTY-NINE SOUNDS FOR SOFT SINGING ALL THE TREE'S HANDS WASHING LIMES CYCLE STICK FIGURES IT IS TIME GESTURE WIDOW MENDING NOT QUICK ENOUGH I CAN'T HEAR YOU NOT WHAT WIDOW AT NIGHT CHILD'S POCKET PHOTOGRAPHS SECOND LOVE

Preface Contents Part I Traditions 1 The machine tradition 2 The reform tradition Part II The Development of the Reform Movement of 1933 3 An age of Tammany 4 Investigations and disclosures 5 Moving toward reform 6 The story of a fusion movement Part III The Period of Reform 7 Fiorello H. La Guardia 8 Administration 9 Finances 10 War against the underworld 11 The welfare city 12 Changes in structure 13 Politics Part IV From Yesterday to Tomorrow 14 Exit reform 15 New wine in old bottles 16 Today and tomorrow Notes Index

author is well qualified to provide an understanding of the now highly developed science of poultry raising. To this assignment, Professor Taylor has brought a rich background of training and experience. As a member of the Agricultural Extension Service of Rutgers, and earlier at Pennsylvania State College and the University of Connecticut, he has worked with and for commercial poultrymen and farm flock owners in three states. For more than two decades he has been called into consultation on their problems by breeders, hatcherymen, egg producers, and others whose living, in whole or in part, depends upon the efficient production of their poultry. His standing as a poultry authority has brought Professor Taylor into the councils of state, regional and national poultry associations; his writings on the subject have been widely published in farm and trade papers.In Backyard Poultry Keeping, Professor Taylor writes of more than the dozens of eggs and the pounds of meat that might reasonably be expected from a well managed flock. Realistically, he makes the point that there is more to keeping chickens than putting the feed before them

Contents Acknowledgments Foreword CHAPTER ONE Kentucky Childhood CHAPTER TWO Youth In Indiana CHAPTER THREE New Salem CHAPTER FOUR "The DeWitt Clinton of Illinois" CHAPTER FIVE Attorney and Counsellor at Law CHAPTER SIX Romance and Marriage CHAPTER SEVEN Mr. Lincoln of Illinois CHAPTER EIGHT Leader of the Illinois Bar CHAPTER NINE The House on Eighth Street CHAPTER TEN Rebirth in Politics: 1854-1858 CHAPTER ELEVEN The Great Debates CHAPTER TWELVE "TheTaste Is in My Mouth a Little" CHAPTER THIRTEEN Candidate and President-elect CHAPTER FOURTEEN The New President CHAPTER FIFTEEN The Momentous Issue CHAPTER SIXTEEN The War Begins CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Search for a General CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Emancipation CHAPTER NINETEEN Life in the White House CHAPTER TWENTY Gettysburg CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Years of Victory CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO The Second Election CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Peace CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Death—and a People's Grief Epilogue References Bibliography Index

H. Richard Friman characterizes the new protectionism of the 1980s as a ragged patchwork of selectively applied, direct and indirect protectionist policies--including tariffs, "as, administrative restrictions, state subsidies, and production cartels. Why have various advanced industrial countries responded to postwar trade competition with different choices among these protectionist options? In Patchwork Protectionism, Friman explores this question through a comparative analysis of major trade policy decisions affecting the textile industries of the United States, Japan, and West Germany

Contents Acknowledgments Introduction ONE Tennyson TWO Browning THREE Arnold FOUR Clough and Meredith Conclusion Notes Index

Contents Illustrations Acknowledgments Abbreviations CHAPTER I A Quest for Equilibrium CHAPTER II The Spherical Vision CHAPTER III The Voyage Out and Night and Day CHAPTER IV Jacob's Room and Mrs. Dalloway CHAPTER V To the Lighthouse and The Waves CHAPTER VI The Years and Between the Acts Notes Selected Bibliography Index

David Steigerwald chronicles the legacy of Wilsonian idealism from its emergence during World War I through its recent resurgence during Desert Storm. The first history of this central strain of thought in modern American politics, Steigerwald's wide-ranging account encompasses the careers of many prominent twentieth-century political figures and thinkers, including Walter Lippmann, Elihu Root, Newton D. Baker, Raymond Fosdick, Adlai Stevenson, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Theodore Lowi, and Francis Fukuyama. At the beginning of the twentieth century, massive cultural and political pressures threatened to undermine the liberal tradition by dissolving faith in human reason. A group of moderate thinkers attempting to salvage that faith rallied behind Woodrow Wilson's conception of world order. Through the American internationalist movement, these Wilsonian liberals defended the proposition that decisions based on enlightened self-interest would lead to political harmony, and they strove to institutionalize their principles through the formation of the League of Nations. As he traces the fate of universal ideals through American political thought, Steigerwald describes how the Wilsonians remained committed to the free market in the face of war and depression and continued to oppose interest groups in spite of the emergence of mass politics. In addition to demonstrating the capacity of Wilsonianism for regeneration and sustained influence, Steigerwald reveals the ironies that have attended its persistence across the century. Throughout some of the most horrendous events in history, he shows, Wilsonian idealism adhered to fundamental beliefs in international rule of law and in the beneficence of technological progress and liberal capitalism.

THE first day of spring, with the blue sky overhead proving this one no exception to its proverbially sunny and mild character. Louis, our faithful Italian gardener, is here. He has raked up sticks and leaves and all the debris left by the winter winds and is now ready to inspect the herb beds with me. Last season's growth of the four elder trees at the entrances to the little garden plot is cut back at least one-half, for these trees are precocious growers and their brittle branches are too often broken by the wind. The cold frames are opened up to air and to be prepared for seeds. Sandy soil is put in boxes for the sweet marjoram, vervain, purslane, and sesame seed which I shall start in the house. In the cold frame are sown seeds of saffron, anise, calamint, Allium montana, and Allium moly. The latter, because it may not germinate for a year, is first put in a flower pot for identification, and then set deep in the soil of the cold frame. Louis came to America from the countryside near Naples thirty years ago, a very young man with a handsome girl wife. Neither of them could speak a word of

During the past twenty years, since the centenary of Byron's death at Missolonghi in 1824, interest in his poetry and appreciation of his titanic role in romanticism have been steadily increasing. The pertinence and power of what Byron has to say to our generation, living through an era startlingly like his own, have given new lustre to his reputation. Of all his vast poetic production, Don Juan, the last and greatest of his major works, offers the highest rewards to the modern reader. It not only stands out among his poems as the best expression of Byron, but it ranks with the great poems of the nineteenth century-Goethe's Faust, Shelley's Prometheus Unbound, Wordsworth's Prelude, to name only a few-as representative of the era, and of modern European civilization. For many reasons, there has been less critical exposition of Don Juan than so important a poem deserves. Critics, biographers, and public interest have been so overwhelmingly fascinated with the enigmatic character of Byron himself, full of contradictions and paradox, and with the dramatic story of his life, that consideration of his poetry is often approached almost as an after-thought. Don Juan especially has been overlooked. It is apparently simple and lucid, it is long and leisurely, it comes at the end of Byron's career, and it is filled with irony-reasons sufficient in themselves to cause its comparative neglect. Moreover, it is a fragment and therefore less attractive for appraisal than the completed Childe Harold. Don Juan got off to a bad critical start by being published in parts and was made the object of hostile criticism from the moment of its appearance. An aura of traditional suspicion still clings to it in the popular mind. Lord Ernie, the editor of Byron's letters and journals, in an article in The Quarterly Review (April 1924) occasioned by the publication of Samuel C. Chew's Byron in England and H. J. C. Grierson's edition of Byron's poems, sums up what is the real mystery of Byron -the hidden creative life of the poet about whom far too many of the outward details are known. For as Lord Ernie says, neither the life story, nor the observations of people like Lady Blessington, nor Byron's letters, self-revealing as they are, can explain the poet: "Judgments founded on such external evidence fail to account for the energy, industry, concentration, and effort that are involved in the production of a vast and varied mass of poetry, none perhaps without flaw, but none, as his bitterest critic added, without value. ... It is on such points as these that the omission of his intellectual occupations fropi his full and intimate corv 4 BYRON'S DON JUAN ing to understand it. For Byron, who had been subject to many influences oppressive to his natural talents and had written from many other motives than sheer self-expression, gained his liberty gradually through experiences which had much to do in shaping and determining what his freest expression would be. Suspending for a while, therefore, the consideration of Don Juan itself, I shall begin with the externalities of Byron's career in relation to the making of Don Juan, in order that the reader may be reminded afresh of the setting or environment of this work. Perhaps it is necessary to emphasize that Byron's career as a poet was professional. His activity in the spheres of politics and society was so spectacular as to subordinate, even for his contemporaries, his vast production as a poet. He himself cultivated the legend of his amateur Noble-Author status, careless of public opinion. He wrote very rapidly, corrected only in proof, if at all, and appeared to do everything literary in a most spontaneous fashion. He felt and expressed a contempt for the professional author -"the pen peeping from behind the ear, and the thumbs a little inky, or so." Nevertheless, his letters and journals show that his concern for poetic supremacy and fame was consistently deep and serious. Though he wrote rapidly, he relied upon the dictation of memory, for he composed his verse in his head and brooded over most of his subjects for a long time before they took shape. Independent as he was in his attitude toward public and critics, he nevertheless took care always to keep a weather-eye on the barometer of sales. 1 Byron acknowledged his professional status, even to himself, only at last and reluctantly. Ambition for power and popularity came first and remained always the principal reason for writing. This was supplemented by the "rage, resistance, and redress," which followed the Edinburgh Review article on Hours of Idleness, and all the other snubs that life so often awarded him. Finally, after Byron had accepted his disbarment from any other career than authorship, he looked to the rewards of money. He may have been generous toward the rivalry of Moore and Scott and a few other poets, and have made disparaging remarks about those who could "bear no brother near the throne," but he was certainly not detached nor unconcerned about his own success, and wanted above everything to be First. He used Murray, the "Synod" -Murray's literary advisers -and every straw in the wind to indicate the way to success. He compromised as well as he could between his natural talents and the advice of critics and demands of the public. The first critical guidance was no light touch, but a humiliating lashing that would have silenced forever any "minor" poet less pugnacious "AGAINST THE WIND" S than Byron. "The poesy of this young lord," wrote the anonymous pen in the Edinburgh Review, January 1808, "belongs to the class which neither gods nor men are said to permit." Thus the reviewer described Byron's effusions of sentiment and humor in Hours of Idleness, written in imitation of Ossian, Moore, Catullus, Horace, etc. In fact, the reviewer continued, they are flat and stagnant, and not to be excused or ameliorated by the plea of youth, for look at the excellent poems of the twelve-year-old Pope. Poetry should have "a certain portion of liveliness, somewhat of fancy" -"must contain at least one thought" a little different from other writers. Imitations of what other poets have done better, for instance, of Gray's Ode on the Prospect of Eton, and of Rogers' On a Tear, are to be condemned; so also are translations, neither Accurate nor concise, but only diffuse approximations. The imitation of Macpherson is so close as to be indistinguishable from borrowing, and Macpherson is "stupid and tiresome" anyway. The reviewer poured his severest sarcasm on Byron's efforts at satire on the Cambridge University curriculum and chapel choir, and concluded with ironic gratitude for what the poet had granted to the world, since it was to be the last volume from his pen. Though Byron never forgave the writer, he learned his lesson well from that review, especially the pleas for liveliness, originality, and accuracy in poetry, and the repudiation of cloudy romanticism. He did indeed look at the poetry of Pope, and extricated himself as fast as possible from the company of insipid romantic poetasters, producing his first great success in satire, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, under the aegis of Pope and Gifford. Though he was not to reap the literary benefits until later, this satire aligned him with Gifford, Frere and Canning, and the Tory Quarterly Reviewers, and, as far as literary party was concerned, alienated him from the Whigs, the romantics, and the revolutionaries. Yet all the while he maintained his original fondness for romantic verse and fiction, for gloom and metaphysics, and eventually for Whigs, Jeffrey, Moore, Hobhouse, Hunt, Shelley, and radical and romantic principles. He took his seat in the House of Lords on the opposition benches, and then left the country for two years of travel. When he returned he found himself once more helpless and confused between the great grinding machines of literary and political parties. No wonder he was afraid to come out with the romantic Childe Harold, and was in an agony of alarm over Murray's submitting it to Gifford and Frere before its publication. No wonder its astonishing success and the praise from all quarters bewildered him, made him feel himself and his talent unique, and bred in him contempt for a popular and critical taste, so illogical and so unpredictable. Murray became the only guide, because he tended always strictly to business, to what would sell; and Gifford, Murray's principal literary adviser, was the oracle. Surrounded already by a nimbus of fashion, Byron was drawn into the Murray circle, the youngest, greenest, and most unaccountable of Murray's authors. According to Dallas, Murray said he was sorry that English Bards and Scotch Reviewers had not been brought to him for publication. One may well believe it, since 1809, the year of its appearance, saw the first number of the Quarterly Review, Murray's new paper to support Tory principles and oppose the Edinburgh's "disgusting" revolutionary doctrines. The Quarterly was also to give an outlet to many people, from Scott down, who had been offended like Byron by savage attacks upon their works in the Edinburgh. Byron, they felt, would have belonged with them from the start, but better late than never. Yet when he did come in with them in the spring of 1812, his maiden speech in the House of Lords and his new friendship with the Hollands had committed him politically to the Whigs, and he was therefore to be kept in Murray's drawing room as a strictly literary find. For in literary matters Murray and his friends were comparatively mild and tolerant; they even invited Hunt to write for the Quarterly, and Mrs. Inchbald, and others of republican persuasion. The atmosphere of Murray's drawing room above the book-shop was that of a literary club and rendezvous for authors. Every "morning" -that is, from three to five in the afternoon =-• Murray received whoever wanted to drop in, and here Byron met Scott for the first time, and was in daily contact with Murray's other visitors, a widely representative group: Stratford Canning, Frere, Mackintosh, Southey, Campbell, Mme. de Staël, Gifford, Croker and Barrow of the Admiralty, James Boswell the younger, Sotheby, Robert Wilmot, Richard Heber, Sir John Malcolm, who had traveled in India and Persia, W. S. Rose, whom Byron met again in Italy, Malthus, James Mill, Rogers, Moore, and Hoppner the painter. In contemporary lists of the celebrities one might encounter there, it is amusing to find Lord Byron's name usually last. He had arrived, he was a nine-days' wonder, but he was the least of the lions in these distinguished gatherings. Gifford was the dean, the Elisha to Pope's Elijah. The great satirical successes of The Baviad, The Maeviad, and the Anti-Jacobin hung over him. Isaac D'Israeli, Frere, and Canning formed with Gifford an inner circle of satire and neo-classicism. But the circle was very broad and representative around this conservative core. Scott, with his balladry and antiquarianism, supported the new interest in history. Mme. de Staël, that enthusiastic talker, provided a high strain of romantic sentiment, with her "expert knowledge of the human heart." Her new book on Germany and her advice to "stick to the East" as the best poetical pol-JO BYRON'S DON JUAN God grant me some judgement! to do what may be most fitting in that and every thing else, for I doubt my own exceedingly." The recurrence of emphasis in these passages on intellect, judgment, and sense is interesting proof of the shift in Byron's attention from the emotional to the intellectual. He was ripening for a return to satire. This letter was written on September 15, 1817, and on the twentyfirst, Hobhouse, who was still visiting Byron in Venice, records that he "went out in gondola with Lord Kinnaird and Lord Byron to the gardens. Lord Kinnaird read to me a new poem of [John Hookham] Frere's, excellent and quizzical -no better since the days of Swift." 8 This was the Prospectus and Specimen of an intended National Work "by the brothers Whistlecraft," in the Pulcian ottava rima, "intended to comprise the most interesting particulars relating to King Arthur and his Round Table." Byron's prayers were answered, at least as far as style was concerned; the colloquial verve and gaiety of Frere's verses set a new tune ringing in his head, and he proceeded immediately to the composition of Beppo, which he shipped to Murray with Canto IV of Childe Harold in Hobhouse's portmanteaux, January 1818. The autumn of 1817 and the composition of Beppo marked a climax and the beginning of a new era in Byron's career. It was not only that his feeling of having come to the end of his rope coincided with his return to the school of Pope and satire, nor that in Whistlecraft he found a new style and manner; for Whistlecraft was but the last in a long series of hints from Murray and his circle and of tentative directions from Byron's experiences, which suggested the new material he needed to match the new style. In May 1816, Murray had shown Byron's verses A Sketch, in heroic couplet, to Rogers, Frere, and Stratford Canning, and reported to Byron that "they agree that you have produced nothing better; that satire is your forte. . . ." 9 In Milan, at the performance of the famous Sgricci, Byron was introduced to the art of the improvvisatore, about which he had already heard in Geneva. At Venice, the gondoliers sang stanzas from Tasso, and Byron's attention was turned again to Berni and Ariosto. He saw Goldoni's rational, realistic comedies. He heard the popular cantastorie in the piazza of St. Mark. He read the gay colloquial verse, satirizing Venetian politics and manners, by the censored Pietro Buratti, and he "got by heart" the Novelle in ottava rima by the Abate Casti. Shelley wrote Byron from Bath a challenge to produce a great work -perhaps an epic -perhaps on the theme of the French Revolution. At the same time, January 1817, Murray began to bombard him with requests for a work in prose and for more stories. Murray had been delighted with Byron's letters, increasingly rich The Memoirs, -those famous memoirs that were composed by Byron 1818-21, given to Moore, and burned directly after Byron's death, appear to have had a novel-like quality. "The amusing account given of some of the company [at Lady Jersey's farewell assembly for Byron in London, April 1816] ... of the various and characteristic ways in which the temperature of their manner towards him was affected by the cloud under which he now appeared -was one of the passages of that Memoir it would have been most desirable, perhaps, to have preserved." 15 Peter Quennell conjectures that the composition of the Memoirs at the same time as Don Juan may have fortified Byron's opinions and clarified his experiences, and that Don Juan is therefore, "so to speak, only an essential residue" of the material of the Memoirs. 16 But to return to the winter of 1817-1818 and Beppo, which was the response to Murray's appeal for a Venetian tale exhibiting Italian manners in contrast with British. Murray continued his demands for a work in prose, and between the urgings of both Murray and the Venetian circle of friends that Byron should become an interpreter of Italy to England and of England to Italy, the idea was dinned relentlessly into Byron's head. Hobhouse joined the campaign, writing to Murray after Beppo was finished that he should foster the idea of a work describing Italy, not in guidebook style, but "by subjects -literature, antiquities, manners, politics, &c." For a while Byron and Hobhouse planned to compose a joint work, based on the suggestions in Hobhouse's notes to ChUde Harold, Canto IV. Byron, however, was not to be bogged down in any remorselessly prosaic work. The all-important question was whether Beppo would succeed with the public. He had found in it a style as near prose as poetry can be, a style that suited him exactly, in which he could speak in his natural voice, as if he were writing a letter, witty, gay, satiric. It furnished him as a storyteller with room for both dramatic characterization and action, and also subjective confessions and comments. Nevertheless, Beppo was to be published anonymously, as a trial balloon; "that kind of writing . . . suits our language, too, very well," but "we shall see by the experiment. If it does, I'll send you a volume in a year or two, for I know the Italian way of life well, and in time may know it yet better. . . ## 1T The reception of Beppo in Murray's circle was instantly favorable. Frere, who had to be persuaded that it was not by W. S. Rose, was generously delighted and compared Byron's "protean talent," with fulsome yet subtle flattery, to that of Shakespeare. Scott, who was to review Beppo along with Whistlecraft and Rose's Court of Beasts, was equally diverted. But Byron was right in mistrusting the public's ability to see through fun and absurdity in this new style. Frere had had difficulties on Incidentally, the four stanzas following the description of Newstead with its gently humorous close, form a delightful burlesque of "naturepoetry" like Keats's Ode to Autumn.

PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY BEFORE WILLIAM JAMES PROLOGUE: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS ONE. THE PERIOD OF THEOLOGY AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY TWO. THE PERIOD OF INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY THREE. THE PERIOD OF BRITISH AND GERMAN INFLUENCES APPENDICES

It does so in an age when the lyric may be our most significant type of poetry and literature. It is not unusual to hear of the lyrical novel, the lyrical drama, and lyrical criticism. Yet this is not an historical study of the lyric as genre, although it addresses this matter on enough occasions throughout the book. To talk about the lyric is to talk about the short or compressed poem, the poem likely to express the thoughts and feelings of some "I," the song, the love poem. But already there are complications.

An Introduction Manifesto for the Atomic Age 1 2 3 4

WHETHER OR NOT this book is long or short depends upon you. The pages do not count. If once you lived in days not measured by a clock, if long ago you reckoned time by rainbows, or by lumps of maple sugar, or by having the cat understand what you said, then this book is long enough, for you will read into it long stories about your own days of discovery. You will feel again a flutter of how your heart once beat and, however different your days may have been, you will rediscover how you became you. That is an interesting story.In the days when clocks were of no use, there were not always so many rainbows or so much maple sugar as you wanted. Part of the world was just right to live in, like a summer morning that lasted all day. Part of it had to be smoothed over and polished up before it would do, and xi

Preparation for a successful speech must: 1. Decide the response sought from the particular audience. This is the speech purpose and every speech purpose must be concrete, definite, appropriate, timely, applicable. 2. Analyze the audience. 3. Determine the main issues. 4. Use the formula-What? How? Why? When? Chart of Sequence of Motions Needs a second? Can be debated? Can be amended? Can be referred to committee? Main question debate while pending? Can it be reconsidered? Requirement for passage? A. The Main Motion i. Any main question or independent matter of business before the meeting -for the purpose of action. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maj. B. Subsidiary Motions i. To postpone indefinitely Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Maj. 2. To amend Yes Yes Yes 1 Yes 2 No Yes Maj. 3. Refer to committee.. . Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Maj. 4. To postpone definitely 3 Yes Yes 4 Yes No No Yes Maj. 5. Previous question 6 . . .

[pdf image scan with OCR layer]ContentsScientists Face the World of 1942ByKARL T. COMPTONThe Case for Biological EngineeringByVANNEVAR BUSHThe Case for Agricultural EngineeringByROBERT W. TRULLINGER

Contents Foreword Preface THE LANGUAGE OF SECRECY 1 Introduction 2 The Poro in West Africa 3 The Poro and Other Secret Societies in the Vavala Clan 4 The Concept of Secret in Secrecy Societies 5 Secrets as Texts: The Message Forms of Deep Talk 6 Secrets and the Initiation Ritual 7 Mentioning the Unmentionable 8 Toward a Theory of Secrecy Notes Bibliography Index

Preface CONTENTS Introduction 1. Bolivia—The Beggar on a Throne of Gold 2 The Chaco War and Its Aftermath 3 The M.N.R. in Power 4 The Indian Gets the Land 5 The Indian Becomes a Citizen 6 Nationalization of the Mines 7 Organized Labor's Role in the National Revolution 8 The Fight Against Militarism 9 The Search for Economic Independence 10 The Crisis in Industry 11 Inflation and the Stabilization Crisis of 1957 12 The Opposition and the Revolution 13 The United Nations Experiment in Bolivia 14 Uncle Sam and the Bolivian National Revolution 15 The Significance of the Bolivian National Revolution Bibliographical Note Notes Index

In the mid-fifteenth century Johann Müller of Königsberg, better known as Regiomontanus, a mathematician whose astronomical tables were used by Columbus and his fellow navigators, drew a picture of the heavens as they would appear in the year of our Lord 1588. 1 In his astronomical forecast he predicted an eclipse of the sun in February, two total eclipses of the moon, one in March and one in August, and finally a conjunction of the three planets Saturn, Jupiter, and Venus with the moon. Interpreting this unusual celestial activity, he prophesied, if not the end of the world, at least all kinds of physical upheavals and political changes for the fateful year. If his "scientific" explanation were not enough to convince everyone that this year was to be one of dire portent, the horrifying interpretations of the prophecies in the Apocalypse, or Book of Revelations, made by the eminent Protestant theologian Philip Melanchthon would have added the finishing touches. On the hypothesis that all history was divided into cycles, each of which was marked by some catastrophe or other, Melanchthon noted that the final cycle of ten times seven years, which in the Old Testament was the length of the Babylonian Captivity, began in 1518, immediately after Luther's nailing of his theses on the castle church doors in Wittenberg, and would end in 1588. Melanchthon therefore predicted that in that year, according to the proph-' 3 ' ' 5 • • II • • 29 • ' 30 ' ' 37 ' ' 38 ' ' 45 ' ' 47 ' ' 63 • \* 69 ' ' 73 ' \* con, 5.13,14. For, whether we be wit of cmr wit, we are it rotoQod, •r whether wee be «1 oar nghr mj»d, wee «re it voto vow For. that Jo«« of Chart ¿oth coaftrawe vs.

S OME apology is necessary for the presentation of a paper in academic circles which is written without awareness of the winds of thought at present swirling through academic halls. Perhaps the word swirling is too strong to describe what is happening to philosophic thinking in the colleges and universities, but I doubt it. Nowadays all the bases of thinking are attacked by the champions of might makes truth, and all those who are capable of considering their position in the world are making a re-examination of the dilemma of mankind, an ancient dilemma, but one which looks different in different lights, and looks appallingly grim in the light of civilization on fire and burning down. Each of us faces this catastrophe from his own point of view -and with his own limitations of vision. The professor of philosophy is less open to influences of the market place, more likely to have considered all aspects of the problem, than the professional writer or artist. On the other hand, he doesn't feel the same driving necessity for finding an immediate and workable theory of what's going on. A student can comment on the riddles of destiny without arriving at any conclusion, but a practicing artist or a pro-Can

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Preface CONTENTS GERMANY UNDER DIRECT CONTROLS 1 Muddling Through 2 The Theoretical and Institutional Background of Direct Controls 3 Agriculture in a System of Postwar Economic Control 4 Coal and Steel Production: 1945-1948 5 Postwar Industry in the Bizonal Area: An Over-all View 6 The Control of Manpower and Wages 7 Rent and Housing Controls 8 Summary Notes Index

Contents Preface Acknowledgments CHAPTER I Dark Surmises CHAPTER II Flower and Maiden CHAPTER III The Road to Padua CHAPTER IV Professional Characters CHAPTER V The Lady or the Serpent CHAPTER VI Vile Drugs CHAPTER VII La Nouvelle Beatrice CHAPTER VIII Speculative Conclusions: Fair and Learned Notes Index

CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO. THE WEAKNESS OF POLICY G UIDANCE CHAPTER THREE.THE PROFESSIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF WELFARE ECONOMICS CHAPTER FOUR. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND PRINCIPLED DECISION MAKING CHAPTER FIVE. THE DISTRUST OF REASON CHAPTER SIX. THE LIMITED RATIONALITY OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE CHAPTER SEVEN. ACTIVISM AND LIBERALISM CHAPTER EIGHT. ADVOCACY AND NEUTRALITY CHAPTER NINE. DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS CHAPTER TEN. CONCLUSION ABBREVIATIONS NOTES INDEX

Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter One. Introduction: Political Trials and the Legal Process Chapter Two. Political Trials. '9 Resource Mobilization, and Social Control Chapter Three. Criminal Justice in the Civil Rights Movement Chapter Four. Legal Control of Civil Rights Protest Campaigns Chapter Five. Criminal Prosecutions in the Vietnam Antiwar Movement Chapter Six. Pro Se Defense in Vietnam Protest Trials Chapter Seven. Radical Catholics and the Destruction of Draft Files Chapter Eight. Jury Nullification in Vietnam Protest Trials Chapter Nine. Conclusion: Social Movements and Political Justice Bibliography Index

Preface Contents CHAPTER ONE Before the Story Begins CHAPTER TWO The Wicked City: Life in London Before the Civil Wars CHAPTER THREE His Majesty's Affairs: High Sheriff of Essex CHAPTER FOUR At Home: Danbury Place CHAPTER FIVE Somerset and the West CHAPTER SIX Troubles of This Bad Age CHAPTER SEVEN Going Slowly On CHAPTER EIGHT Afterward Appendix Index

Contents Preface Abbreviations I Prologue: Expansion and Confrontation, 1675-1685 II "A Wolfe by the Ears": Dominion, Revolution, and Settlement, 1686-1689 III London Interlude: The Quest for the Massachusetts Charter IV "New England's Sad Condition": Transatlantic Interaction and the Fruits of Compromise V Exploring a Settlement: Confusion and Conflict, 1692-1698 VI Agents and Office Seekers: The Evolution of Transatlantic Politics, 1692-1715 VII Conclusion: Resurgence and Synthesis, 1698-1715 Bibliography Index

It would be impossible for me to acknowledge personally all those who have helped me bring to completion the creation of a book from the myriad experiences, thoughts, and reflections that have inspired it. The support and encouragement of my family, my professors-turned-into-colleagues,

THE PURPOSE of this bibliography is to make available to English speaking scholars, historians, and librarians a reference list of all, or nearly all, translations of peninsularSpanish literature and history into English from the year 1484, in which William Caxton translated and printed Ramón Lull's The Book of the Ordre of Chyualry, up to 1943.There are a number of partial and selective bibliographies in this field; the longest of which has 517 entries. The present work includes 2,682 items.

CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 LIFE-FORM CLASSES AND DISCONTINUITIES IN NATURE 3 ANALYSIS OF CROSSLANGUAGE DATA 4 LANGUAGE RELATEDNESS AND GROWTH STAGES 5 LEXICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND LIFE-FORM GROWTH 6 NOMENCLATURAL DEVELOPMENT 7 LIFE-FORMS AND LINGUISTIC MARKING 8 EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK 9 CONCLUSION PREAMBLE TO APPENDICES A AND B A BOTANICAL LIFE-FORM DATA B ZOOLOGICAL LIFE-FORM DATA NOTES REFERENCES CITED INDEX

Contents List of Figures and Tables Preface Chapter One. A Theory of Voluntary Association Behavior Chapter Two. Social Influence Associations Chapter Three. The Incentive Approach to Social Control Chapter Four. The Decision Participation Approach to Social Control Chapter Five. The Legitimate Leadership Approach to Social Control Chapter Six. Social Control and Resource Mobilization Chapter Seven. Goal Attainment Chapter Eight. Environmental Effects Chapter Nine. Conclusion Appendix A Statistical Comparison of Indianapolis and the Nation Appendix B Sampling and Interviewing Appendix C Measurement of Variables Appendix D A Note on Statistical Methods References Author Index Subject Index

Contents Law and Federal Government The Historical Background of Federal Government: Some Sources of Our American Federalism Federalism versus Democracy: The Significance of the Civil War in the History of United States Federalism Commentaries

Content Introduction Letters Short Letters and Fragments Miscellanies—Poetry and Prose Chronological Table

Pa., who so ably advised us concerning accepted spellings of the Pennsylvania Dutch (or Pennsylvania German) dialect terms and expressions and the proper use of the same; to Lena B. Rice for her assistance in the developing and printing of photographs and for her contributions of first-hand knowledge concerning the habits and customs of the Amish people; and to Dorothy A. Shenk for her work in typing the original manuscripts, her help in arranging the book in its original physical form, and her assistance in proofreading. 'N Schtroh-Barrig (a mountain of straw). Used for bedding the livestock, it becomes trampled into shreds and mixed with the animals' droppings. This makes a rich compost which goes directly to the fields from which its substance came. The Amish learned the value of fertilizer in their barren Rhineland homes. A threshing machine powered by steam, owned by a non-Amish operator, may properly be hired during the harvest. Wheat is being bagged at left, and straw in the foreground. 'N yungi Fraa (a newly-married woman) sits in the rain, a buffalo robe thrown over her lap, while her husband goes to the stores. Had the intended purchases been less bulky, the couple would have used the family carriage instead of the open spring wagon. Rubberized ponchos and umbrellas are quite proper when needed. Do sin die Kaefer ufg'leint (There are the shoppers lined up) on a Saturday afternoon, the usual time for errands to the town.

CONTENTS PREFACE ONE. THE FRESNEAUS 1598-1767 TWO. PRINCETON 1768-1771 THREE. AMERICAN LIBERTY 1772-1775 FOUR. AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 1776-1778 FIVE. THE FREEMAN'S JOURNAL 1781-1784 SIX. CAPTAIN FRENEAU 1784-1790 SEVEN. THE DAILY ADVERTISER 1790-1791 EIGHT. THE NATIONAL GAZETTE 1791-1793 NINE. THE COUNTRY PRINTER 1794-1796 TEN. THE TIME-PIECE 1797-1798 ELEVEN. SLENDER REDIVIVUS 1799-1814 TWELVE. THE VETERAN POET 1815-1832 NOTES APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

Contents Acknowledgments A Note on Transliterations, Translations, and Abbreviations Introduction 1 A Russian Life 2 Early Verse and First Prose 3 The Strategy of the Hunter 4 Family Chronicle: The Fiction of History 5 Family Chronicle: Structures and Themes 6 The Worlds of Childhood: Growth and Perception 7 The Worlds of Childhood: Mortality and Morality 8 Farewell to Arcadia: Final Works Bibliography Index Studies of the Russian Institute

Contents Figures Tables Preface Note on Orthography CHAPTER 1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 Social Order and Social Change CHAPTER 3 The Village Ecology CHAPTER 4 The Division of Labor CHAPTER 5 The Economy CHAPTER 6 The Kinship System CHAPTER 7 Religion CHAPTER 8 Parties CHAPTER 9 Strategies CHAPTER 10 Cultural Systems, Rationality, and Change Bibliography Index

Preface Contents Part one INTRODUCTION 1 The logical choice 2 Financial means and political ends Part two GALLATIN'S FISCAL MODEL 3 The debt objective 4 Meeting the debt objective: revenue considerations 5 Meeting the debt objective: expenditure considerations Part three EXPERIENCE AND ANALYSIS 6 The golden age: 1801-1808 7 The age of indecision 8 The war years 9 Gallatin's fiscal system: a critique Notes Index

PREFACE CONTENTS I The Early Years of the Old York Road II The Old York Road in the Revolution III The Old York Road Today Bibliography

The War Against Inflation 4 Price Control: problems. Most of these countries have had longer experience with price control during this war than has the United States. The records of their achievements should be of interest, therefore, when we are now facing the impact of the greatest war time budgets in economic history. This book is made up of four separate essays. Each one is written from the point of view of the individual author. It is to be hoped that this form of presentation will prove more stimulating to the reader than a more standardized approach. At the outset, attention should be drawn to the fact that price control, be it direct or functional in nature, does not mean price stabilization in the sense that this term was used by many economists in the last post-war period. Stable or stationary prices are not the aim of modern price control policies. Their ultimate aim is to prevent inflation. The other aims are to protect, as far as possible, the standard of living of the average person, with means which are not totalitarian in nature even if they encroach at times upon the ideals of accepted individual liberty. Some other purposes of price control are to protect the defense industries against shortage of material as well as the public purse against unwarrantedly high prices. Hence, a certain rise in prices should not be regarded as a failure on the part of those charged with the responsibility of protecting the price structure. A reasonable price rise is not essentially contrary to the best interests of any economic community. Price control is certainly not a modern economic invention. From the days of justurn pretium-yes, even centuries before the "just price" era of the Middle Ages ## Price Control Rations have done more harm than "war prices" in the past. Yet no one can foretell just how long the coming democratic reconstruction period will be. We now turn to some price control problems as they have appeared since the war began in Sweden, Canada, Great Britain, and Switzerland.

SINCE vegetables form such an important part of the diet of the American people, their use should be more universally adopted. Vegetables are essential for normal and healthy body development in supplying minerals, vitamins, acids, cellulose, and other elements. The home or family garden can abundantly supply the family needs throughout the year if the family requirements are carefully studied and garden plans and cultural practices are efficiently executed. The home garden is just as important in times of peace as in times of war; it is also important in times of abundance or depression, because people must eat to live and to be healthy and happy. The aim in the preparation of this boo\ has been to give practical information on the needs of the individual or the family so that they may be in a better position to plan more adequately for their important food requirements, and to give simple instructions covering the important cultural practices in the successful growing of these crops. This boo\ was also written with the hope that the information could be used by county agricultural agents, home demonstration agents, 4-H Club agents, vocational schoolteachers, and others interested in the successful operation of the family garden, because much of the information condensed and brought together here cannot be found in any other single publication. This boo\ is the result of practical experience and includes a review of literature pertaining to the home vegetable garden issued by the majority of the state agricultural colleges in the country, a review of boo\s written by authorities, and bulletins v vi PREFACE published by the United States Department of Agriculture. Acknowledgments and references to these sources of information are given throughout the text.

Contents List of Low-Cholesterol Recipes Acknowledgments Cautionary Note Introduction Part One. Defining the Risk 1. The Deadly C-Factor 2. Not Only in America 3. The Cholesterol Family: Bad Members—And the Good One 4. Cholesterol: The Diminishing Controversy Part Two. Toward Cholesterol Control 1. How Cholesterol- Conscious Are We . . . Really? 2. Dietary Friends and Enemies 3. Exercise: The Second Best Regulator 4. Under Stress and Overweight 5. An Early Start—That Proverbial Ounce of Prevention 6. Women—The (Relatively) Immune Gender 7. Oftener, Slowerand Less—Is Better 8. Aging 9. Medication and Surgery: Last Resorts Part Three: The Rutgers Dietary Approach to Living with Choles 1. Eating Your Way to a Healthy Heart 2. Dining Out Ethnically 3. The Rutgers Dietary Approach Appendix Notes Index