This is a book for people interested in solving optimization problems. Because of the wide (and growing) use of optimization in science, engineering, economics, and industry, it is essential for students and practitioners alike to develop an understanding of optimization algorithms. Knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of these algorithms leads to a better understanding of their impact on various applications, and points the way to future research on improving and extending optimization algorithms and software. Our goal in this book is to give a comprehensive description of the most powerful, state-of-the-art, techniques for solving continuous optimization problems. By presenting the motivating ideas for each algorithm, we try to stimulate the reader's intuition and make the technical details easier to follow. Formal mathematical requirements are kept to a minimum. Because of our focus on continuous problems, we have omitted discussion of important optimization topics such as discrete and stochastic optimization.

本书是Numerical Optimization,2nd edition中前11章,无约束优化章节的中文版。原著全面而及时地介绍了连续优化问题中最有效的方法,是一部经典的数值优化著作。本书既强调数学理论的严谨性与逻辑性,同时又十分注重理论源头的基本思想,重视对数学公式背后的物理概念的描述。 本书以深入浅出的方式重点描述了数值优化中的无约束优化理论与计算方法,内容涉及优化问题的相关概念、无约束优化基础、线搜索方法、牛顿方法、信赖域方法、共轭梯度方法、拟牛顿方法、大规模无约束优化方法、导数的数值计算方法,无需求导的优化方法、最小二乘问题的求解方法、非线性方程组的求解方法以及相关数学基础知识。此外,本书还对各种经典的无约束优化算法的收敛性进行了理论分析。本书注重阐述算法背后的思想理念,知识循序渐进,信息量大,并配有高质量的理论练习题和丰富的计算机实践题,有助于读者消化吸收书中的理论与算法。 优化理论与方法属于应用数学领域中的一个重要分支,在电子通信、自动控制、经济管理、资源调度、建筑设计、应急救援、汽车制造、电工电气、航天航空、国防安全等多个工业与信息领域都发挥着重要的作用。因此,优化技术对于现代科技甚至是人文科学的发展都具有不可替代的作用。 译者团队多年来一直从事信息与通信工程专业的教学与科研工作,无论是在教学还是在科研过程中,都需要求解大量最优化问题,例如数字滤波器的最优设计、阵列波束最优赋形、通信链路优化、雷达信号波形最优设计、无人机路径最优规划等。 本书可作为应用数学、计算机科学、运筹学、控制科学、工程学等相关专业的本科生和研究生学习优化理论的教学参考书,也可供需要优化理论进行科学技术研究的科研人员和工程技术人员参考使用。

Numerical Optimization presents a comprehensive and up-to-date description of the most effective methods in continuous optimization. It responds to the growing interest in optimization in engineering, science, and business by focusing on the methods that are best suited to practical problems. For this new edition the book has been thoroughly updated throughout. There are new chapters on nonlinear interior methods and derivative-free methods for optimization, both of which are used widely in practice and the focus of much current research. Because of the emphasis on practical methods, as well as the extensive illustrations and exercises, the book is accessible to a wide audience. It can be used as a graduate text in engineering, operations research, mathematics, computer science, and business. It also serves as a handbook for researchers and practitioners in the field. The authors have strived to produce a text that is pleasant to read, informative, and rigorous - one that reveals both the beautiful nature of the discipline and its practical side.

This is a book for people interested in solving optimization problems. Because of the wide (and growing) use of optimization in science, engineering, economics, and industry, it is essential for students and practitioners alike to develop an understanding of optimization algorithms. Knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of these algorithms leads to a better understanding of their impact on various applications, and points the way to future research on improving and extending optimization algorithms and software. Our goal in this book is to give a comprehensive description of the most powerful, state-of-the-art, techniques for solving continuous optimization problems. By presenting the motivating ideas for each algorithm, we try to stimulate the reader's intuition and make the technical details easier to follow. Formal mathematical requirements are kept to a minimum. Because of our focus on continuous problems, we have omitted discussion of important optimization topics such as discrete and stochastic optimization.

This is a book for people interested in solving optimization problems. Because of the wide (and growing) use of optimization in science, engineering, economics, and industry, it is essential for students and practitioners alike to develop an understanding of optimization algorithms. Knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of these algorithms leads to a better understanding of their impact on various applications, and points the way to future research on improving and extending optimization algorithms and software. Our goal in this book is to give a comprehensive description of the most powerful, state-of-the-art, techniques for solving continuous optimization problems. By presenting the motivating ideas for each algorithm, we try to stimulate the reader's intuition and make the technical details easier to follow. Formal mathematical requirements are kept to a minimum. Because of our focus on continuous problems, we have omitted discussion of important optimization topics such as discrete and stochastic optimization.

This is a book for people interested in solving optimization problems. Because of the wide (and growing) use of optimization in science, engineering, economics, and industry, it is essential for students and practitioners alike to develop an understanding of optimization algorithms. Knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of these algorithms leads to a better understanding of their impact on various applications, and points the way to future research on improving and extending optimization algorithms and software. Our goal in this book is to give a comprehensive description of the most powerful, state-of-the-art, techniques for solving continuous optimization problems. By presenting the motivating ideas for each algorithm, we try to stimulate the reader's intuition and make the technical details easier to follow. Formal mathematical requirements are kept to a minimum. Because of our focus on continuous problems, we have omitted discussion of important optimization topics such as discrete and stochastic optimization.

A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages 5 Contents 7 List of Contributors 14 Preface 17 Chronological List 20 Philosophy in the Middle Ages: An Introduction 25 PART I THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT 37 1 The Ancient Philosophical Legacy and its Transmission to the Middle Ages 39 2 The Patristic Background 47 3 Philosophy in the Latin Christian West: 750–1050 56 4 The School of Chartres 60 5 Religious Orders 69 6 Scholasticism 79 7 The Parisian Condemnations of 1270 and 1277 89 PART II THE AUTHORS 99 1 Adam of Wodeham 101 2 Adelard of Bath 110 3 Alan of Lille 112 4 Albert of Saxony 114 5 Albertus Magnus 116 6 Albumasar 126 7 Alexander of Hales 128 8 Alfarabi 133 9 Algazali 142 10 Alhacen 151 11 Alkindi 153 12 Alrazi 160 13 Anselm of Canterbury 162 14 Arnaldus of Villanova 176 15 Augustine 178 16 Avempace 196 17 Avencebrol 198 18 Averroes 206 19 Avicenna 220 20 Bernard of Clairvaux 233 21 Berthold of Moosburg 239 22 Boethius 241 23 Boethius of Dacia 251 24 Bonaventure 257 25 Dante Alighieri 265 26 Denys the Carthusian 267 27 Dietrich of Freiberg 269 28 Dominicus Gundissalinus 271 29 Durand of St. Pourçain 273 30 Francis of Marchia 278 31 Francis of Meyronnes 280 32 Gabriel Biel 282 33 Gaetano of Thiene 284 34 Gersonides 286 35 Gilbert of Poitiers 288 36 Giles of Rome 290 37 Godfrey of Fontaines 296 38 Gonsalvo of Spain 305 39 Gregory of Rimini 307 40 Guido Terrena 315 41 Hasdai Crescas 317 42 Henry of Ghent 320 43 Henry of Harclay 329 44 Hervaeus Natalis 338 45 Heymeric of Camp 340 46 Hildegard of Bingen 342 47 Hugh of St. Victor 344 48 Isaac Israeli 350 49 Isidore of Seville 352 50 James of Metz 354 51 James of Viterbo 356 52 Jean de la Rochelle 358 53 Jerome of Prague 360 54 John Baconthorpe 362 55 John Buridan 364 56 John Capreolus 373 57 John Dumbleton 375 58 John Duns Scotus 377 59 John Gerson 394 60 John of Jandun 396 61 John of Mirecourt 401 62 John of Paris 406 63 John Pecham 408 64 John Philoponus 412 65 John of Reading 414 66 John of Salisbury 416 67 John Scotus Eriugena 421 68 John Wyclif 431 69 Landulph Caracciolo 433 70 Marsilius of Inghen 435 71 Marsilius of Padua 437 72 Martin of Dacia 445 73 Matthew of Aquasparta 447 74 Maximus Confessor 456 75 Meister Eckhart 458 76 Michael of Massa 467 77 Moses Maimonides 469 78 Nicholas of Autrecourt 482 79 Nicholas of Cusa 490 80 Nicole Oresme 499 81 Paul of Pergula 505 82 Paul of Venice 507 83 Peter Abelard 509 84 Peter Auriol 518 85 Peter of Auvergne 528 86 Peter of Candia 530 87 Peter Ceffons 532 88 Peter Damian 534 89 Peter Helias 536 90 Peter Lombard 538 91 Peter Olivi 540 92 Peter de Rivo 548 93 Peter of Spain 550 94 Peter the Venerable 556 95 Philip the Chancellor 558 96 Pierre d’Ailly 560 97 Pierre de Maricourt 562 98 Pseudo-Dionysius 564 99 Radulphus Brito 574 100 Ralph Strode 576 101 Ramon Lull 577 102 Richard Brinkley 583 103 Richard of Campsall 585 104 Richard Fishacre 587 105 Richard Fitzralph 593 106 Richard Kilvington 595 107 Richard of Middleton 597 108 Richard Rufus of Cornwall 603 109 Richard of St. Victor 612 110 Richard Swineshead 619 111 Robert Grosseteste 621 112 Robert of Halifax 631 113 Robert Holcot 633 114 Robert Kilwardby 635 115 Roger Bacon 640 116 Roger Marston 650 117 Saadiah 654 118 Siger of Brabant 656 119 Simon of Faversham 665 120 Thomas Aquinas 667 121 Thomas Bradwardine 684 122 Thomas of Erfurt 686 123 Thomas of Sutton 688 124 Thomas Wilton 690 125 Ulrich of Strassburg 692 126 Vital du Four 694 127 Walter Burley 696 128 Walter Chatton 698 129 William of Alnwick 700 130 William Arnaud 702 131 William of Auvergne 704 132 William of Auxerre 712 133 William of Champeaux 714 134 William Crathorn 716 135 William Heytesbury 718 136 William of Ockham 720 137 William of Sherwood 737 138 William of Ware 742 Select Topical Bibliography 744 Index of Names 749 Index of Subjects 755

1 (p1): 1 Introduction 2 (p1-1): Mathematical Formulation 4 (p1-2): Example:A Transportation Problem 4 (p1-3): Continuous versus Discrete Optimization 6 (p1-4): Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 6 (p1-5): Global and Local Optimization 7 (p1-6): Stochastic and Deterministic Optimization 7 (p1-7): Optimization Algorithms 8 (p1-8): Convexity 9 (p1-9): Notes and References 10 (p2): 2 Fundamentals of Unconstrained Optimization 13 (p2-1): 2.1 What Is a Solution? 15 (p2-1-1): Recognizing a Local Minimum 18 (p2-1-2): Nonsmooth Problems 19 (p2-2): 2.2 Overview of Algorithms 19 (p2-2-1): Two Strategies:Line Search and Trust Region 21 (p2-2-2): Search Directions for Line Search Methods 26 (p2-2-3): Models for Trust-Region Methods 27 (p2-2-4): Scaling 28 (p2-2-5): Rates of Convergence 29 (p2-2-6): R-Rates of Convergence 30 (p2-3): Notes and References 30 (p2-4): Exercises 34 (p3): 3 Line Search Methods 36 (p3-1): 3.1 Step Length 37 (p3-1-1): The Wolfe Conditions 41 (p3-1-2): The Goldstein Conditions 41 (p3-1-3): Sufficient Decrease and Backtracking 43 (p3-2): 3.2 Convergence of Line Search Methods 46 (p3-3): 3.3 Rate of Convergence 47 (p3-3-1): Convergence Rate of Steepest Descent 49 (p3-3-2): Quasi-Newton Methods 51 (p3-3-3): Newton’s Method 53 (p3-3-4): Coordinate Descent Methods 55 (p3-4): 3.4 Step-Length Selection Algorithms 56 (p3-4-1): Interpolation 58 (p3-4-2): The Initial Step Length 58 (p3-4-3): A Line Search Algorithm for the Wolfe Conditions 61 (p3-5): Notes and References 62 (p3-6): Exercises 64 (p4): 4 Trust-Region Methods 67 (p4-1): Outline of the Algorithm 69 (p4-2): 4.1 The Cauchy Point and Related Algorithms 69 (p4-2-1): The Cauchy Point 70 (p4-2-2): Improving on the Cauchy Point 71 (p4-2-3): The Dogleg Method 74 (p4-2-4): Two-Dimensional Subspace Minimization 75 (p4-2-5): Steihaug’s Approach 77 (p4-3): 4.2 Using Nearly Exact Solutions to the Subproblem 77 (p4-3-1): Characterizing Exact Solutions 78 (p4-3-2): Calculating Nearly Exact Solutions 82 (p4-3-3): The Hard Case 84 (p4-3-4): Proof of Theorem 4.3 87 (p4-4): 4.3 Global Convergence 87 (p4-4-1): Reduction Obtained by the Cauchy Point 89 (p4-4-2): Convergence to Stationary Points 93 (p4-4-3): Convergence of Algorithms Based on Nearly Exact Solutions 94 (p4-5): 4.4 Other Enhancements 94 (p4-5-1): Scaling 96 (p4-5-2): Non-Euclidean Trust Regions 97 (p4-6): Notes and References 97 (p4-7): Exercises 100 (p5): 5 Conjugate Gradient Methods 102 (p5-1): 5.1 The Linear Conjugate Gradient Method 102 (p5-1-1): Conjugate Direction Methods 107 (p5-1-2): Basic Properties of the Conjugate Gradient Method 111 (p5-1-3): A Practical Form of the Conjugate Gradient Method 112 (p5-1-4): Rate of Convergence 118 (p5-1-5): Preconditioning 119 (p5-1-6): Practical Preconditioners 120 (p5-2): 5.2 Nonlinear Conjugate Gradient Methods 120 (p5-2-1): The Fletcher-Reeves Method 121 (p5-2-2): The Polak-Ribiere Method 122 (p5-2-3): Quadratic Termination and Restarts 124 (p5-2-4): Numerical Performance 124 (p5-2-5): Behavior of the Fletcher-Reeves Method 127 (p5-2-6): Global Convergence 131 (p5-3): Notes and References 132 (p5-4): Exercises 134 (p6): 6 Practical Newton Methods 136 (p6-1): 6.1 Inexact Newton Steps 139 (p6-2): 6.2 Line Search Newton Methods 139 (p6-2-1): Line Search Newton-CG Method 141 (p6-2-2): Modified Newton’s Method 142 (p6-3): 6.3 Hessian Modifications 143 (p6-3-1): Eigenvalue Modification 144 (p6-3-2): Adding a Multiple of the Identity 145 (p6-3-3): Modified Cholesky Factorization 150 (p6-3-4): Gershgorin Modification 151 (p6-3-5): Modified Symmetric Indefinite Factorization 154 (p6-4): 6.4 Trust-Region Newton Methods 154 (p6-4-1): Newton-Dogleg and Subspace-Minimization Methods 155 (p6-4-2): Accurate Solution of the Trust-Region Problem 156 (p6-4-3): Trust-Region Newton-CG Method 157 (p6-4-4): Preconditioning the Newton-CG Method 159 (p6-4-5): Local Convergence of Trust-Region Newton Methods 162 (p6-5): Notes and References 162 (p6-6): Exercises 164 (p7): 7 Calculating Derivatives 166 (p7-1): 7.1 Finite-Difference Derivative Approximations 166 (p7-1-1): Approximating the Gradient 169 (p7-1-2): Approximating a Sparse Jacobian 173 (p7-1-3): Approximating the Hessian 174 (p7-1-4): Approximating a Sparse Hessian 176 (p7-2): 7.2 Automatic Differentiation 177 (p7-2-1): An Example 178 (p7-2-2): The Forward Mode 179 (p7-2-3): The Reverse Mode 183 (p7-2-4): Vector Functions and Partial Separability 184 (p7-2-5): Calculating Jacobians of Vector Functions 185 (p7-2-6): Calculating Hessians:Forward Mode 187 (p7-2-7): Calculating Hessians:Reverse Mode 188 (p7-2-8): Current Limitations 189 (p7-3): Notes and References 189 (p7-4): Exercises 192 (p8): 8 Quasi-Newton Methods 194 (p8-1): 8.1 The BFGS Method 199 (p8-1-1): Properties of the BFGS Method 200 (p8-1-2): Implementation 202 (p8-2): 8.2 The SR1 Method 205 (p8-2-1): Properties of SR1 Updating 207 (p8-3): 8.3 The Broyden Class 209 (p8-3-1): Properties of the Broyden Class 211 (p8-4): 8.4 Convergence Analysis 211 (p8-4-1): Global Convergence of the BFGS Method 214 (p8-4-2): Superlinear Convergence of BFGS 218 (p8-4-3): Convergence Analysis of the SR1 Method 219 (p8-5): Notes and References 220 (p8-6): Exercises 222 (p9): 9 Large-Scale Quasi-Newton and Partially Separable Optimization 224 (p9-1): 9.1 Limited-Memory BFGS 227 (p9-1-1): Relationship with Conjugate Gradient Methods 229 (p9-2): 9.2 General Limited-Memory Updating 230 (p9-2-1): Compact Representation of BFGS Updating 232 (p9-2-2): SR1 Matrices 232 (p9-2-3): Unrolling the Update 233 (p9-3): 9.3 Sparse Quasi-Newton Updates 235 (p9-4): 9.4 Partially Separable Functions 236 (p9-4-1): A Simple Example 237 (p9-4-2): Internal Variables 240 (p9-5): 9.5 Invariant Subspaces and Partial Separability 242 (p9-5-1): Sparsity vs.Partial Separability 243 (p9-5-2): Group Partial Separability 244 (p9-6): 9.6 Algorithms for Partially Separable Functions 244 (p9-6-1): Exploiting Partial Separability in Newton’s Method 245 (p9-6-2): Quasi-Newton Methods for Partially Separable Functions 247 (p9-7): Notes and References 248 (p9-8): Exercises 250 (p10): 10 Nonlinear Least-Squares Problems 253 (p10-1): 10.1 Background 253 (p10-1-1): Modeling,Regression,Statistics 256 (p10-1-2): Linear Least-Squares Problems 259 (p10-2): 10.2 Algorithms for Nonlinear Least-Squares Problems 259 (p10-2-1): The Gauss-Newton Method 262 (p10-2-2): The Levenberg-Marquardt Method 264 (p10-2-3): Implementation of the Levenberg-Marquardt Method 266 (p10-2-4): Large-Residual Problems 269 (p10-2-5): Large-Scale Problems 271 (p10-3): 10.3 Orthogonal Distance Regression 273 (p10-3-1): Notes and References 274 (p10-3-2): Exercises 276 (p11): 11 Nonlinear Equations 281 (p11-1): 11.1 Local Algorithms 281 (p11-1-1): Newton’s Method for Nonlinear Equations 284 (p11-1-2): Inexact Newton Methods 286 (p11-1-3): Broyden’s Method 290 (p11-1-4): Tensor Methods 292 (p11-2): 11.2 Practical Methods 292 (p11-2-1): Merit Functions 294 (p11-2-2): Line Search Methods 298 (p11-2-3): Trust-Region Methods 304 (p11-3): 11.3 Continuation/Homotopy Methods 304 (p11-3-1): Motivation 306 (p11-3-2): Practical Continuation Methods 310 (p11-4): Notes and References 311 (p11-5): Exercises 314 (p12): 12 Theory of Constrained Optimization 316 (p12-1): Local and Global Solutions 317 (p12-2): Smoothness 319 (p12-3): 12.1 Examples 319 (p12-3-1): A Single Equality Constraint 321 (p12-3-2): A Single Inequality Constraint 324 (p12-3-3): Two Inequality Constraints 327 (p12-4): 12.2 First-Order Optimality Conditions 327 (p12-4-1): Statement of First-Order Necessary Conditions 330 (p12-4-2): Sensitivity 331 (p12-5): 12.3 Derivation of the First-Order Conditions 332 (p12-5-1): Feasible Sequences 336 (p12-5-2): Characterizing Limiting Directions:Constraint Qualifications 339 (p12-5-3): Introducing Lagrange Multipliers 341 (p12-5-4): Proof of Theorem 12.1 342 (p12-6): 12.4 Second-Order Conditions 348 (p12-6-1): Second-Order Conditions and Projected Hessians 350 (p12-6-2): Convex Programs 351 (p12-7): 12.5 Other Constraint Qualifications 354 (p12-8): 12.6 A Geometric Viewpoint 357 (p12-9): Notes and References 358 (p12-10): Exercises 362 (p13): 13 Linear Programming&The Simplex Method 364 (p13-1): Linear Programming 366 (p13-2): 13.1 Optimality and Duality 366 (p13-2-1): Optimality Conditions 367 (p13-2-2): The Dual Problem 370 (p13-3): 13.2 Geometry of the Feasible Set 370 (p13-3-1): Basic Feasible Points 372 (p13-3-2): Vertices of the Feasible Polytope 374 (p13-4): 13.3 The Simplex Method 374 (p13-4-1): Outline of the Method 377 (p13-4-2): Finite Termination of the Simplex Method 378 (p13-4-3): A Single Step of the Method 379 (p13-5): 13.4 Linear Algebra in the Simplex Method 383 (p13-6): 13.5 Other (Important) Details 383 (p13-6-1): Pricing and Selection of the Entering Index 386 (p13-6-2): Starting the Simplex Method 389 (p13-6-3): Degenerate Steps and Cycling 391 (p13-7): 13.6 Where Does the Simplex Method Fit? 392 (p13-8): Notes and References 393 (p13-9): Exercises 394 (p14): 14 Linear Programming:Interior-Point Methods 396 (p14-1): 14.1 Primal-Dual Methods 396 (p14-1-1): Outline 399 (p14-1-2): The Central Path 401 (p14-1-3): A Primal-Dual Framework 402 (p14-1-4): Path-Following Methods 404 (p14-2): 14.2 A Practical Primal-Dual Algorithm 408 (p14-2-1): Solving the Linear Systems 409 (p14-3): 14.3 Other Primal-Dual Algorithms and Extensions 409 (p14-3-1): Other Path-Following Methods 409 (p14-3-2): Potential-Reduction Methods 410 (p14-3-3): Extensions 411 (p14-4): 14.4 Analysis of Algorithm 14.2 416 (p14-4-1): Notes and References 417 (p14-4-2): Exercises 420 (p14-5): 15 Fundamentals of Algorithms for Nonlinear Constrained Optimization 422 (p14-5-1): Initial Study of a Problem 423 (p14-6): 15.1 Categorizing Optimization Algorithms 426 (p14-7): 15.2 Elimination of Variables 427 (p14-7-1): Simple Elimination for Linear Constraints 430 (p14-7-2): General Reduction Strategies for Linear Constraints 434 (p14-7-3): The Effect of Inequality Constraints 434 (p14-8): 15.3 Measuring Progress:Merit Functions 437 (p14-9): Notes and References 438 (p14-10): Exercises 440 (p15): 16 Quadratic Programming 442 (p15-1): An Example:Portfolio Optimization 443 (p15-2): 16.1 Equality-Constrained Quadratic Programs 444 (p15-2-1): Properties of Equality-Constrained QPs 447 (p15-3): 16.2 Solving the KKT System 448 (p15-3-1): Direct Solution of the KKT System 449 (p15-3-2): Range-Space Method 450 (p15-3-3): Null-Space Method 452 (p15-3-4): A Method Based on Conjugacy 453 (p15-4): 16.3 Inequality-Constrained Problems 454 (p15-4-1): Optimality Conditions for Inequality-Constrained Problems 455 (p15-4-2): Degeneracy 457 (p15-5): 16.4 Active-Set Methods for Convex QP 461 (p15-5-1): Specification of the Active-Set Method for Convex QP 463 (p15-5-2): An Example 465 (p15-5-3): Further Remarks on the Active-Set Method 466 (p15-5-4): Finite Termination of the Convex QP Algorithm 467 (p15-5-5): Updating Factorizations 470 (p15-6): 16.5 Active-Set Methods for Indefinite QP 472 (p15-6-1): Illustration 474 (p15-6-2): Choice of Starting Point 475 (p15-6-3): Failure of the Active-Set Method 475 (p15-6-4): Detecting Indefiniteness Using the LBLT Factorization 476 (p15-7): 16.6 The Gradient-Projection Method 477 (p15-7-1): Cauchy Point Computation 480 (p15-7-2): Subspace Minimization 481 (p15-8): 16.7 Interior-Point Methods 484 (p15-8-1): Extensions and Comparison with Active-Set Methods 484 (p15-9): 16.8 Duality 485 (p15-10): Notes and References 486 (p15-11): Exercises 490 (p16): 17 Penalty,Barrier,and Augmented Lagrangian Methods 492 (p16-1): 17.1 The Quadratic Penalty Method 492 (p16-1-1): Motivation 494 (p16-1-2): Algorithmic Framework 495 (p16-1-3): Convergence of the Quadratic Penalty Function 500 (p16-2): 17.2 The Logarithmic Barrier Method 500 (p16-2-1): Properties of Logarithmic Barrier Functions 505 (p16-2-2): Algorithms Based on the Log-Barrier Function 507 (p16-2-3): Properties of the Log-Barrier Function and Framework 17.2 509 (p16-2-4): Handling Equality Constraints 510 (p16-2-5): Relationship to Primal-Dual Methods 512 (p16-3): 17.3 Exact Penalty Functions 513 (p16-4): 17.4 Augmented Lagrangian Method 513 (p16-4-1): Motivation and Algorithm Framework 516 (p16-4-2): Extension to Inequality Constraints 518 (p16-4-3): Properties of the Augmented Lagrangian 521 (p16-4-4): Practical Implementation 523 (p16-5): 17.5 Sequential Linearly Constrained Methods 525 (p16-6): Notes and References 526 (p16-7): Exercises 528 (p17): 18 Sequential Quadratic Programming 530 (p17-1): 18.1 Local SQP Method 531 (p17-1-1): SQP Framework 533 (p17-1-2): Inequality Constraints 534 (p17-1-3): IQP vs.EQP 534 (p17-2): 18.2 Preview of Practical SQP Methods 536 (p17-3): 18.3 Step Computation 536 (p17-3-1): Equality Constraints 538 (p17-3-2): Inequality Constraints 539 (p17-4): 18.4 The Hessian of the Quadratic Model 540 (p17-4-1): Full Quasi-Newton Approximations 541 (p17-4-2): Hessian of Augmented Lagrangian 542 (p17-4-3): Reduced-Hessian Approximations 544 (p17-5): 18.5 Merit Functions and Descent 547 (p17-6): 18.6 A Line Search SQP Method 548 (p17-7): 18.7 Reduced-Hessian SQP Methods 549 (p17-7-1): Some Properties of Reduced-Hessian Methods 550 (p17-7-2): Update Criteria for Reduced-Hessian Updating 551 (p17-7-3): Changes of Bases 552 (p17-7-4): A Practical Reduced-Hessian Method 553 (p17-8): 18.8 Trust-Region SQP Methods 555 (p17-8-1): Approach I:Shifting the Constraints 556 (p17-8-2): Approach II:Two Elliptical Constraints 557 (p17-8-3): Approach III:Sl 1 QP (Sequential l 1 Quadratic Programming) 560 (p17-9): 18.9 A Practical Trust-Region SQP Algorithm 563 (p17-10): 18.10 Rate of Convergence 565 (p17-10-1): Convergence Rate of Reduced-Hessian Methods 567 (p17-11): 18.11 The Maratos Effect 570 (p17-11-1): Second-Order Correction 571 (p17-11-2): Watchdog (Nonmonotone) Strategy 573 (p17-12): Notes and References 574 (p17-13): Exercises 576 (p18): A Background Material 577 (p18-1): A.1 Elements of Analysis,Geometry,Topology 577 (p18-1-1): Topology of the Euclidean Space Rn 580 (p18-1-2): Continuity and Limits 581 (p18-1-3): Derivatives 583 (p18-1-4): Directional Derivatives 584 (p18-1-5): Mean Value Theorem 585 (p18-1-6): Implicit Function Theorem 586 (p18-1-7): Geometry of Feasible Sets 591 (p18-1-8): Order Notation 592 (p18-1-9): Root-Finding for Scalar Equations 593 (p18-2): A.2 Elements of Linear Algebra 593 (p18-2-1): Vectors and Matrices 594 (p18-2-2): Norms 597 (p18-2-3): Subspaces 598 (p18-2-4): Eigenvalues,Eigenvectors,and the Singular-Value Decomposition 599 (p18-2-5): Determinant and Trace 600 (p18-2-6): Matrix Factorizations:Cholesky,LU,QR 605 (p18-2-7): Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury Formula 605 (p18-2-8): Interlacing Eigenvalue Theorem 606 (p18-2-9): Error Analysis and Floating-Point Arithmetic 608 (p18-2-10): Conditioning and Stability 611 (p19): References 625 (p20): Index

Escrita en colaboración con María Esther Vázquez, esta obra de Jorge Luis Borges reconstruye los orígenes de tres literaturas (escandinava, alemana y de la Inglaterra sajona) a las que complejas vicisitudes históricas fueron transformando y alejando entre sí, pero que surgieron de una raíz común común: la que Tácito denominó Germania, menos una región geográfica que un conjunto de tribus cuyos hábitos, lenguas, tradiciones y mitologías eran afines. Aunque ese pueblo no llegara nunca a constituirse en unidad política, el «Wotan» de los germanos continentales es el «Woden» de los sajones de Inglaterra y el «Othin» de las gentes escandinavas. Dado lo remoto y casi desconocido de su materia, LITERATURAS GERMÁNICAS MEDIEVALES es no sólo una historia, sino también una suerte de antología. Conviene no olvidar, en cualquier caso, que ninguna versión moderna puede ofrecer del todo el auténtico sabor de los textos escritos en las antiguas lenguas germánicas que, ricas en grupos consonánticos, propendían a la belleza áspera de lo épico, no a la tranquila dulzura de la lírica. «Quienes lean las sagas —concluye Borges— veran prefigurada en ellas la novela moderna y quienes estudien la poesía sajona y, más aún la escáldica, descubrirán extraños y bárrocos ejemplos de la metáfora». Ensayo, Crítica y teoría literaria, Historia

Impresionado por los versos de la Divina Comedia de Dante, su preocupación por el poeta florentino queda reflejada en gran parte de su producción creadora. SELECCIONES AUSTRAL incorpora el último título inédito de Borges: NUEVE ENSAYOS DANTESCOS, libro singular y profundo en el que expone que personajes de la Comedia, le han causado mayor impacto. Toda su erudición aflora a medida que analiza las distintas interpretaciones que de esta obra han realizado los más importantes críticos. Pero aún mas interesante resulta el encontrarnos con las reacciones del Borges lector de la Comedia, ver como su sensibilidad se ve afectada por los versos de Dante, plasmándose en esa prosa tan característica del escritor argentino. Acompañan a estos NUEVE ENSAYOS DANTESCOS una extensa introducción, realizada por el escritor Marcos Ricardo Barnatán, gran conocedor del autor y de su obra, y una presentación de Joaquín Arce, catedrático de Lengua y Literatura Italiana de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, que nos acerca a la gran obra de Dante. Poesía, Filosófico, Otros

Escrita en colaboración con María Esther Vázquez, INTRODUCCIÓN A LA LITERATURA INGLESA se ocupa de una de las literaturas más ricas del mundo occidental. Redactada atendiendo al criterio de buscar los autores o las obras más representativos de cada época y guiada por el propósito esencial de «interesar al lector y estimular su curiosidad para un estudio más profundo», la obra presenta a los principales autores ingleses y sus obras según el personal criterio del maestro argentino. Divulgación, Crítica y teoría literaria

Una reflexión sobre el tiempo, el infinito y lo finito, entre otros asuntos que sólo pueden tener que ver son su admirable sabiduría filosófica. «Si los destinos de Edgar Allan Poe, de los vikings, de Judas Iscariote y de mi lector secretamente son el mismo destino el único destino posible, la historia universal es la de un solo hombre.» En los tratados contenidos en este volumen Borges habla de la esencia del tiempo, que se concreta bien en el mecanismo de una metáfora, bien en una refutación filosófica. El asunto es la coincidencia, la ocupación de un mismo lugar físico o mental, la repetición, la versión. Así, el ensayo sobre los traductores de «Las mil y una noches» tiene su eco en los símiles de la literatura germánica antigua; la doctrina de los ciclos halla su espejo en las enseñanzas de la termodinámica. «Historia de la eternidad», cuya primera edición data de 1936, prefigura ya los contornos del Borges del medio siglo posterior. Ensayo, Crítica y teoría literaria, Filosofía

Con su maestría característica, Borges despliega en estas ficciones una trama lineal que, paradójicamente, lleva el realismo hasta el extremo de lo fantástico. Aparentemente simples y lineales, los relatos que forman «El informe de Brodie» constituyen en verdad una suerte de compendio de los temas y atributos que hicieron de Jorge Luis Borges uno de los grandes cuentistas de la literatura universal. «El informe de Brodie» es un volumen de madurez narrativa de gran sencillez y desnudez formal que, con todo, encierra todo el imaginario borgiano. Dos preocupaciones centran las tramas: la ética y la idea del destino como una línea en fuga. Relato, Realista, Filosófico

LOS TEXTOS INÉDITOS SUELEN PERDURAR en papeles dispersos, márgenes o cuadernos en octava; suelen encontrarse en cajones, baúles, latas de galletitas o bolsillos; este permaneció en una cinta magnetofónica, grabada en Nueva York hace cuarenta y tres años. Esto quiere decir que antes de ser un libro, El aprendizaje del escritor fue oral, y que su texto comporta la traducción —o ventriloquia— de las transcripciones del seminario sobre escritura que ofreció Jorge Luis Borges en la Universidad de Columbia, en 1971.Los encuentros de este seminario estuvieron dedicados a la escritura, tanto de ficción y poesía, como de traducción. Cada reunión estuvo abierta a las preguntas de los estudiantes y, a la manera de los diálogos platónicos, recrea naturalmente el contraste dramático de los puntos de vista del autor y sus lectores. Este seminario, como la vastísima obra de Borges, no encierra una sola página que no ofrezca una felicidad.¿Cómo escribe Borges un poema o un cuento? ¿Cómo escribe una obra o una traducción en colaboración? ¿Qué diferencia reconoce entre cuento y novela? ¿Por qué nunca escribió una novela? ¿Cuál es el deber del escritor en función de su tiempo? ¿Existe diferencia entre lo que un escritor se propone hacer y lo que en realidad hace?En este libro Borges contesta, entre muchas otras, estas preguntas.

A compelling look at the intricacies of policy making in Washington and around the U.S. government as it relates to the decision to invade Iraq in March 2003, along with other developments of American post-Iraq War stragety in the Middle East.

Otras inquisiciones es el libro que mejor revela las preferencias de Borges. Las relecturas de Pascal, Coleridge, Quevedo, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Wilde, Kafka, y de muchos otros escritores, manifiestan su pasión de lector y sorprenden por su original percepción de la realidad. Penetrador de laberintos, Borges incursiona en diversos episodios de la historia de la civilización, la previsión del futuro, la eternidad, el suicidio y la redención, el infinito, la lectura cabalista de la Escritura, los nombres de Dios, el infierno, el panteísmo, la leyenda de Buda, el sabor de los heroico, en las diversas filosofías y literaturas. Con espíritu crítico analiza las múltiples paradojas del universo, la irrealidad del yo, la inconsistencia del tiempo, la naturaleza de los sueños. Ensayo, Filosofía

Numerical Optimization presents a comprehensive and up-to-date description of the most effective methods in continuous optimization. It responds to the growing interest in optimization in engineering, science, and business by focusing on the methods that are best suited to practical problems. For this new edition the book has been thoroughly updated throughout. There are new chapters on nonlinear interior methods and derivative-free methods for optimization, both of which are used widely in practice and the focus of much current research. Because of the emphasis on practical methods, as well as the extensive illustrations and exercises, the book is accessible to a wide audience. It can be used as a graduate text in engineering, operations research, mathematics, computer science, and business. It also serves as a handbook for researchers and practitioners in the field. The authors have strived to produce a text that is pleasant to read, informative, and rigorous - one that reveals both the beautiful nature of the discipline and its practical side. There is a selected solutions manual for instructors for the new edition.

Publicado en 1928 en una tirada de quinientos ejemplares, al igual que dos años antes «El tamaño de mi esperanza», El idioma de los argentinos corrió la misma suerte que este último e «Inquisiciones», quedando oficialmente desterrado de la obra del autor, quien no obstante recuperó textos sueltos de estos libros para la edición de sus obras en la prestigiosa colección francesa de La Pléiade. Sin embargo, igual que nadie puede renunciar al tiempo y a las cosas ya vividas, y menos hacerlas desaparecer, en estas páginas estaba ya sin duda Borges: «Tres direcciones cardinales rigen este libro. La primera es un recelo, el lenguaje; la segunda es un misterio y una esperanza, la eternidad; la tercera es esta gustación, Buenos Aires. Las dos últimas confluyen en la declaración intitulada Sentirse en muerte. La primera quiere vigilar en todo decir.» Ensayo, Crítica y teoría literaria

Fruto de la fértil relación mantenida entre el editor italiano Franco Maria Ricci y Jorge Luis Borges, la colección llamada «La Biblioteca di Babele», que toma su nombre del célebre relato publicado en Ficciones, reunió una selección de textos de varios de sus autores favoritos en una serie inolvidable dedicada a la literatura fantástica. Prólogos de la Biblioteca de Babel reúne los inolvidables textos introductorios que para ellos escribió el maestro argentino. «Para Borges, afirma en su presentación al volumen Antonio Fernández Ferrer, no hay escrito secundario: su afán de escritura se entrega con parejo entusiasmo en cualquier texto. Sus prólogos son cualquier cosa menos escritos meramente auxiliares o subsidiarios, y en ellos podemos encontrar tantas delicias como en cualquier otro texto de su autor». En el momento de su fallecimiento, Borges había completado los prólogos a los primeros sesenta y cuatro títulos de esta selección de cien que habrían de constituir una colección cerrada escogida por él mismo. De estos textos, testimonio de sus preferencias literarias, escribió: «Deseo que esta biblioteca sea tan diversa como la no saciada curiosidad que me ha inducido, y sigue induciéndome, a la exploración de tantos lenguajes y de tantas literaturas». Divulgación, Arte

Quizá sea este volumen un catálogo de la curiosidad lectora de Borges. Aquí se convocan sus juicios sobre libros y acontecimientos, juicios que hallaron la forma de ensayos y notas, artículos y crónicas, prólogos y reseñas, versiones y traducciones, conferencias y clases. Desde sus colaboraciones en «Sur» y «El Hogar» hasta sus lecciones magistrales ante un público universitario, pasando por la glosa de clásicos y contemporáneos a los que abrió las puertas de su biblioteca personal, todo ello se reúne en este escrutinio —donoso e ingenioso— titulado «Miscelánea». Publicaciones periódicas, Crítica y teoría literaria, Otros

En El tamaño de mi esperanza, segundo libro de ensayos de Jorge Luis Borges, se encuentra ya la característica mezcla de apego a lo criollo, a la pampa y al suburbio, de inquietud por la literatura y de preocupación por el lenguaje que caracteriza buena parte de la obra del maestro argentino. Como ocurriera también con «Inquisiciones» y «El idioma de los argentinos», el libro, publicado en 1926, fue preterido en seguida por su autor, probablemente por el uso que hace en él de un vocabulario y ortografía criollistas y por su implacable autoexigencia: «Como el Gran Inquisidor —dice María Kodama en el prólogo al volumen y refiriéndose al mismo—, a través de un donoso escrutinio, Borges creyó haber alcanzado su destrucción [...]. Quizá el Gran Inquisidor, en su afán de buscar lo perfecto, fue injusto con ese libro de juventud. Creo que los lectores se alegrarán de que la obra exista.» Ensayo, Otros

The new anthology from Thorn Publishing, including many authors currently ranked on Amazon's *Top 100 Most Popular Authors in Horror*. Add it to your cart NOW because it is available for a limited time!FANS OF DYSTOPIAN FICTION - > 8 TITLES FROM 10 INCREDIBLE AUTHORS!*Do you love post-apocalyptic stories?* This is the End 3 *will keep you reading for days. Get this collection now. It includes 8 titles from 10 of today's best-selling writers of dark fantasy.*****This anthology contains scenes of graphic violence that are intended for adults and may be offensive to sensitive readers. Some titles in the anthology are the first book in a series, and others are standalone novels (review average and count accurate as of May 1st, 2014).* *****This is the End* includes:**~ *Arisen, Book One - Fortress Britain* by Glynn James and Michael Stephen Fuchs (4.3 stars on 300 reviews)

Book Cover 1 Half-Title 2 Title 5 Copyright 6 Series Editor Foreword 7 Dedication 8 Contents 10 Acknowledgments 11 Abbreviations and Short Titles 12 CHAPTER ONE Voices of Race 14 DENKSCHEMATA 20 LANGUAGE OF ACCOMMODATION 23 ETHNOGENESIS 27 AN ANGLO-SAXON RACE 29 TACITUS AND A GERMANIC RACE 31 NINETEENTH-CENTURY INFLUENCE 38 VOLKSLIEDER 43 VOLKSLIEDER AND IDENTITY 47 ETHNIE 50 FRAGMENTS 54 CHAPTER TWO The Election of the Angles 58 ANGELS AND ANGLES 60 THE OLD ENGLISH BEDE 64 ELECTION AND THE LIBELLUS RESPONSIONUM 67 ALBAN AND THE EXTENSION OF SALVATION 70 A PAGAN GENS ANGLORUM 73 GENS AND THE “ENGLISH PEOPLE” 79 THE STORY OF THE GENS ANGLORUM 81 PICTS, IRISHMEN, AND ETHNIC IDENTITY 85 BEDE’S PROBLEM OF WATER 88 APPENDIX: GREGORY AND THE ANGLIAN SLAVES 92 CHAPTER THREE King Alfred’s Christendom 96 A NEW ETHNOGENESIS IN THE OLD ENGLISH BEDE 97 THE CORROBORATING EVIDENCE OF GENELOGIES 99 CHRISTENDOM 101 COMPARING THE WORLD HlSTORY TO THE HlSTORIA 103 OROSIUS’ ORIGINAL PROJECT 106 OROSIUS GERMANIZED 109 CONCLUSION: CHRISTENDOM, KINGS, AND VIKINGS 114 CHAPTER FOUR Wulf among the Pagans 120 OLD TESTAMENT LOGIC 122 THE DANELAW AND THE VIKINGS 125 THE SERMON OF THE WOLF 129 THE SERMO AND DEFIANCE OF THE LAW 135 CHAPTER FIVE Woden and Troy 144 SCANDINAVIAN, NORMAN, AND ANGLO-NORMAN ETHNOGENESIS 148 ANGLO-SAXON ORIGINS AND TROY 151 GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH 159 CONCLUSION 169 CHAPTER SIX Ethnogenesis and The Battle of Maldon 170 THE POEM AS A TYPOLOGICAL EVENT 182 THE NORTHEY HYPOTHESIS AND THE LITERAL ACTIVITY OF THE WATER 187 THE TYPOLOGY OF THE WATER AND ITS THEMATIC CONSEQUENCES 191 TO WHAT END THESE ECHOES? 195 Notes 200 CHAPTER ONE: VOICES OF RACE 200 CHAPTER TWO: THE ELECTION OF THE ANGLES 225 CHAPTER THREE: KING ALFRED’S CHRISTENDOM 239 CHAPTER FOUR: WULF AMONG THE PAGANS 246 CHAPTER FIVE: WODEN AND TROY 254 CHAPTER SIX: ETHNOGENESIS AND THE BATTLE OF MALDON 261 Select Bibliography 270 Index 304 Language & Literature

Arts, Language and Literature Book Cover 1 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 9 Foreword 10 Acknowledgements 11 Note on the text 12 Chronology of main events 13 1 The setting 17 2 King Stephen at war 25 3 War and the passage of supremacy 34 4 Royal government in England 48 5 King Stephen and the English Church 56 6 King Stephen and the magnates 64 7 Conclusion: the anarchy of King Stephen’s reign? 72 Further reading and references 74 Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England

Cover 1 Emotions in a Crusading Context, 1095–1291 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Acknowledgements 8 Contents 10 List of Abbreviations 12 Introduction 16 The ‘Affective Turn’ 16 The ‘Linguistic Turn’ 23 Emotions in a Crusading Context 25 The Core Sources 31 PART I: FEAR 40 1: To Fear Death or Trust in God? 42 Fear and Humility 45 Fear and Sin 50 Fearlessly Imitating Christ 54 The Passions of a Martyr 59 The Undaunted Templar 62 Fear in Other Crusading Theatres 68 The Impact of Authorship 70 The Impact of Genre 74 The Scriptural Foundations 78 Conclusion 84 2: The Multifaceted Nature of Fear 86 The Impact of Chivalry 87 Manly Courage and Effeminate Fear 97 Fear and Deception 101 Fear and Power 114 Conclusion 122 PART II: TEARS AND GRIEF 126 3: The Lachrymose Crusader 128 Instruments to Petition God 129 Compunctio Cordis, Contrition, and the Theology of Tears 134 Joy-Bearing Grief and Tears Shed over Jerusalem 141 A Gift of Gratitude 149 The Absence of Religious Weeping 151 Joinville’s Vie de Saint Louis and Hagiographical Traditions 158 Conclusion 162 4: Discourses of Tears and Sorrow 164 Tears, Brotherhood, and Fraternal Love 165 Noble Tears 169 ‘Manful and Tearful’ 174 The Power of Grief 180 Conclusion 187 PART III: ANGER AND ITS MANAGEMENT 190 5: Zealous Wrath for the Holy Land 192 Zelus and Crusading as an Act of Vengeance 198 The Legitimacy of Anger in Preaching Documents and Lyrics 205 The Legitimacy of Anger in Narratives 211 Ira Regis on the Third Crusade 218 Conclusion 222 6: Restraining Rage 224 Uncontrollable Rage and the Violence of Anger 224 Passions of Discord 232 Anger Management: Mansuetudo and Self-Control 235 Anger Management: The Intervention of the Wise 241 Ira and Furor: A Semantic Distinction Reappraised 251 Conclusion 252 Conclusion 255 Bibliography 266 Primary Sources 266 Secondary Sources 275 Index 300

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Contents 8 Acknowledgments 10 List of Original Publications 12 List of Abbreviations 14 Introduction. A Polarizing Artifact 16 Chapter One. The View from across the Euphrates 24 Chapter Two. Jesus Meets Plato: The Theology of the Gospel of Thomas and Middle Platonism 48 Chapter Three. Platonism and the Apocryphal Origins of Immortality in the Christian Imagination or Why do Christians Have Souls that Go to Heaven? 76 Chapter Four. The Gospel of (Judas) Thomas and the Synoptic Problem 108 Chapter Five. The Gospel of Thomas and Historical Jesus Research 134 Chapter Six. Wisdom in Q and Thomas 156 Chapter Seven. Asceticism in the Gospel of Thomas and Q: The Peculiar Practice of the Early Jesus Tradition 190 Chapter Eight. The Parable of the Catch of Fish: A Brief History 212 Chapter Nine. Apocalypticism or Prophecy and the Problem of Polyvalence: Lessons from the Gospel of Thomas 226 Chapter Ten. Paul and the Jesus Tradition: It is Time for Another Look 252 Chapter Eleven. The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Beginnings 276 Works Cited 292 Index of Gospel of Thomas 312 Index of Ancient Sources 314 Index of Modern Authors 323

Front Cover 1 Contents 6 Figures 8 Preface and Acknowledgements 10 Abbreviations 11 Introduction 12 1 Narratives for Early Medieval Britain and Ireland 24 2 Images of Gildas 42 3 Gildas’s De Excidio - Authority and the Monastic Ideal 66 4 Columbanus and Gregory the Great 90 5 Gildas and the Hibernensis 118 6 Bede and Gildas 142 Conclusion: The Legacy of Gildas 164 Appendix: De communicatione Gildas 170 Bibliography 174 Index 192 Studies in Celtic History Already published 202

Contains: Sennin / Ryūnosuke Akutagawa -- A woman alone with her soul / Thomas Bailey Aldrich -- Ben-Tobith / Leonid Andreyev -- Phantom basket / John Aubrey -- Drowned giant / J.G. Ballard -- Enoch Soames / Max Beerbohm -- Tail of the sphinx / Ambrose Bierce -- Squid in its own ink / Adolfo Bioy Casares -- Guilty eyes / Ah'med Ech Chiruani -- Anything you want! ... / Léon Bloy -- [Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL444914W) / Jorge Luis Borges -- Odin / Jorge Luis Borges & Delia Ingenieros -- Golden kite, the silver wind / Ray Bradbury -- Man who collected the first of September, 1973 / Tor Åge Bringsvaerd -- Careless rabbi / Martin Buber -- Tale of the poet / Sir Richard Burton -- Fate is a fool / Arturo Cancela and Pilar de Lusarreta -- An actual authentic ghost / Thomas Carlyle -- Red king's dream / Lewis Carroll -- Tree of pride / G.K. Chesterton -- Tower of Babel / G.K. Chesterton -- Man who knew too much / Cassell -- Dream of the Butterfly / Chuang Tzu -- Llook of death / Jean Cocteau -- House taken over / Julio Cortázar -- Being dust / Santiago Dabove -- A parable of gluttony / Alexandra David-Neel -- Persecution of the master / Alexandra David-Neel -- Idle city / Lord Dunsany -- Tantalia / Macedonio Fernández -- Eternal Life / J.G. Frazer -- A secure home / Elena Garro -- Man who did not believe in miracles / Herbert A. Giles -- Earth's holocaust / Nathaniel Hawthorne -- Ending for a ghost story / I.A. Ireland -- Monkey's paw / W.W. Jacobs -- What Is a ghost? / James Joyce -- May Goulding / James Joyce -- Wizard passed over / Don Juan Manuel -- Josephine the singer, or the mouse folk / Franz Kafka -- Before the law / Franz Kafka -- Return of imray / Rudyard Kipling -- Horses of Abdera / Leopoldo Lugones -- Ceremony / Arthur Machen -- Riddle / Walter de la Mare -- Who knows? / Guy de Maupassant -- Shadow of the players / Edwin Morgan -- Cat / H.A. Murena -- Story of the foxes / Niu Chiao.