Scientific papers. Defense Science Journal, Vo. 19, No 3, pp 153-156. In this paper, the fundamental differential equation of internal ballistics for the non-homogeneous linear law of burning for tubular and cord charges has been solved numerically and results presented graphically. The results for the usual homogeneous linear law of burning have been deduced as a particular case. Tables for maximum pressure and position at all burnt have been prepared. Finally conclusions have been drawn to show the effect of non-homogeneous term in the law of burning, on the maximum pressure and position at all burnt have been prepared. Finally conclusions have been drawn to show the effect of non-homogeneous term in the law of burning, on the maximum pressure and on the all burnt positions.

This book provides an in-depth understanding of free space optical (FSO) communication with a particular emphasis on optical beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The book is structured in such a way that it provides a basic framework for the beginners and also gives a concise description from a designer’s perspective. The book provides an exposure to FSO technology, fundamental limitations, design methodologies, system trade-offs, acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) techniques and link-feasibility analysis. The contents of this book will be of interest to professionals and researchers alike. The book may also be used as a textbook for engineering coursework and professional training.

English, Russian (translation)

English, Russian (translation)

English, Russian (translation)

The 1980s and 1990s have been a period of exciting new developments in the modelling of decision-making under risk and uncertainty. Extensions of the theory of expected utility and alternative theories of `non-expected utility' have been devised to explain many puzzles and paradoxes of individual and collective choice behaviour. This volume presents some of the best recent work on the modelling of risk and uncertainty, with applications to problems in environmental policy, public health, economics and finance. Eighteen papers by distinguished economists, management scientists, and statisticians shed new light on phenomena such as the Allais and St. Petersburg paradoxes, the equity premium puzzle, the demand for insurance, the valuation of public health and safety, and environmental goods. __Audience:__ This work will be of interest to economists, management scientists, risk and policy analysts, and others who study risky decision-making in economic and environmental contexts.

The 1980s and 1990s have been a period of exciting new developments in the modelling of decision-making under risk and uncertainty. Extensions of the theory of expected utility and alternative theories of `non-expected utility' have been devised to explain many puzzles and paradoxes of individual and collective choice behaviour. This volume presents some of the best recent work on the modelling of risk and uncertainty, with applications to problems in environmental policy, public health, economics and finance. Eighteen papers by distinguished economists, management scientists, and statisticians shed new light on phenomena such as the Allais and St. Petersburg paradoxes, the equity premium puzzle, the demand for insurance, the valuation of public health and safety, and environmental goods. __Audience:__ This work will be of interest to economists, management scientists, risk and policy analysts, and others who study risky decision-making in economic and environmental contexts.

Perspectives in Indian Art & Archaeology, no. 7 Prehistory and Protohistory of India —An Appraisal— Palaeolithic—Non-Harappan Chalcolithic Cultures V.K.Jain . ■ . foreword Prof. D.N. Jha D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd. New Delhi Cataloging in Publication Data — DK [Courtesy: D.K. Agencies (P) Ltd. ] Jain, V.K. (Vardhman Kumar), 1944- Prehistory and protohistory of India : an appraisal : palaeolithic, non-Harappan, Chalcolithic cultures / V.K. Jain. xvii, 213 p., 23 cm. (Perspectives in Indian art & archaeology, no. 7) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) Includes index. ISBN 8124603723 (Hb) ISBN 8124603731 (Pb) 1. Prehistoric peoples — India. 2. Protohistory. 3. India — Civilization — To 1200. 4. India — Antiquities. I. Title. II. Series : Perspectives in Indian art & archaeology, no. 7. DDC 934 22 ISBN 81-246-0372-3 (Hardbound) ISBN 81-246-0373-1 (Paperback) First Published in India in 2006 Second impression appeared in 2009 © Author All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission of both the copyright owner, indicated above, and the publisher. Published and printed by: D.K. Printworld (p)[Ltd. Regd. office : "Srikunj," F-52, Bali Nagar Ramesh Nagar Metro Station, New Delhi - 110 015 Phones : (Oil) 2545-3975; 2546-6019; Fax : (Oil) 2546-5926 E-mail: dkprintworld@vsnl.net Web: www.dkprintworld.com Dedicated as a token of respect and gratitude to Professor R.S. Sharma Foreword Much work has been done in the field of Indian archaeology during the last fifty years or so as is evident from the large number of explorations and excavations that have been undertaken during this period and from the vast amount of literature that has been generated by archaeologists. Although many excavation reports have remained unpublished, scholars have made good use of whatever material is available in print and have deepened our understanding of India's past. The information and interpretation contained in the archaeological literature, however, have yet to find their due place in the textbooks and become accessible to teachers as well as students. The present work by Dr. V.K. Jain is a commendable effort in this direction. An inspiring teacher of long standing and a dedicated researcher, Dr. V.K. Jain has painstakingly rummaged through the entire relevant literature and has ably tried to assimilate the available data. Unswayed by any trendy and fashionable approach he has dealt with controversial issues in a highly detached manner and has presented a comprehensive view of the latest information on tools and technologies, subsistence patterns, and distribution and ecological background of settlements during the period from the Palaeolithic to the non-Harappan Chalcolithic. The appendix on the megalithic cultures of Central India and the Deccan, the line drawings of tools, and the explanatory notes on important archaeological sites viii Prehistory and Protohistory of India: An Appraisal accompanied by maps are some of the important features of the book which make it extremely useful for the readers. I am sure the students as well as teachers will find Dr. Jain's book an indispensable handbook on Indian prehistory and protohistory and will eagerly wait for the publication of its companion volume on the Harappan culture. D.N. Jha Former Professor of History University of Delhi f Preface resh excavations, new dating techniques and ever-growing onceptual frameworks during the last half-a-century have reatly reshaped our perspective on Prehistoric and rotohistoric past of the Indian subcontinent. But still most of ie books and articles on the subject, with the exception of lose by D.K. Chakrabarti, F.R. Allchin, D.P. Agarwal, K. addayya and a few others, continue to follow the traditional culture-history" paradigm or collection and narration pproach rather than focus on the cultural process of change rid continuity. Since 1950, the pace of research has increased lanifold and there is today enough data to portray more or iss a clear and connected picture of India's cultural growth i the remote past, and to justify the argument that there is othing 'static' about Indian society which, as any other, has een growing with time and space. This monograph is an attempt to present, in a concise but amprehensive manner, a syncretic view of the latest iformation on tools and technologies, settlement-subsistence attern, distributional framework and ecological background, tc, in respect of Prehistory and Protohistory of India. It ?vers a canvas extending from the Palaeolithic to the non-[arappan Chalcolithic Cultures and leaves out the Harappan ivilization for the subsequent volume. It begins with an iquiry into the definition of Prehistory and Protohistory and oes on to refer to the significance of latest dating techniques x Prehistory and Protohistory of India: An Appraisal and theoretical perspectives in archaeology. Chapter-II reviews the contribution which Indian archaeological studies since 1950 have made to our knowledge. In the subsequent chapters, the salient features of Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and non-Harappan Chalcolithic Cultures have been highlighted. The chief elements of the iron-using Megalithic Cultures of peninsular India and the Deccan (c. 1000 bc - 300 bc), the information about which is obtained exclusively from the archaeological excavations, have been discussed in the Appendix which also includes a glossary of important terms frequently used in archaeological as well as the explanatory notes on prominent sites mentioned in the text. This book is an enlarged version of the chapters initially intended for inclusion in an advanced level text-book by a multi-scholar team and, therefore, it naturally has a studenl oriented format though a general reader who is inquisitive enough to know more about India's remotest past may alsc find it beneficial. The biggest difficulty in writing a text oi this nature lies in deciding what to include and what to exclude And for this I have taken the liberty of using my academic experience and discretion because in a subject which is so ful of details and unresolved issues and controversies, it is jus not possible to do justice to each and every fact oi interpretation. It has been my endeavour to draw ; compromise between the extremes of technicality anc generality, and confine more to highlighting the importan features of cultural growth. Archaeological jargons have beei kept to the minimum and, whenever used, they have beei fully explained in the text or in the glossary at the end. Fo the purpose of conveying the visual interpretation, line drawings, illustrations and maps have been included wherever required. For a reader who is stimulated enough ti know more, a select bibliography is appended to the texl reface xi ome repetition and errors of facts or spellings may no doubt jmain. The author will be delighted to receive from anyone ie suggestions for corrections or improvements. I shall like to place on record my gratitude to all those :holars whose contributions have been utilized fruitfully in siting this book. I also wish to gratefully acknowledge the support and ncouragement that I received from Prof. B.P. Sahu, Head, epartment of History, Delhi University and Prof. R.C. hakran, also of the Delhi University. I am thankful to many f my friends and well-wishers at the National Museum, the Lrchaeological Survey of India and the Motilal Nehru College )r their help in many ways. My thanks are due to Shri D.P. harma, In-Charge Prehistory Section at the National Museum, >elhi for readily helping with the books, articles and nggestions whenever needed. I am grateful to Dr. Nagarch, jrmerly Director of the Archaeological Survey of India, for oing through the proofs and making valuable comments. I am thankful to the library staff of the Archaeological urvey of India and the National Museum, particularly Shri hagwan Chaube, for providing me with all possible assistance i procuring the material necessary for writing the book. I am highly indebted to Prof. D.N. Jha, a scholar of iternational repute and the General President of the Indian listory Congress (66th session, Santiniketan), who, in spite f a very busy schedule and numerous obligations, has been ind enough to oblige me with a foreword for this book. I shall like to record my great sense of appreciation for le personal interest which Shri Susheel Mittal of the D.K. rintworld (P) Ltd. took in bringing about the book in a record ime. xii Prehistory and Protohistory of India: An Appraisal Last but not the least, my thanks go to my wife Dr. Krishna Jain and my son Siddharth for supporting me all through this task of preparing the manuscript with love, patience and good humour. I take the privilege of dedicating this book, as a token of regard and gratitude, to Prof. R.S. Sharma who has throughout been devoted to the task of promoting secular and scientific approach in Indological studies. As the founder-Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi, he was instrumental in giving a positive direction to historical studies, whereas at the University of Delhi, where he was a Professor and the Head of the Department of History in 1970s, he had generated among students a new sense of enthusiasm and encouragement for research on various aspects of social and economic history. Those of us who have been associated with him, either as a student or a researcher, can never forget his kindness, grace and commitment to the subject. ■ Contents Foreword vii Preface ix List of Maps and Figures xvii Introduction 1 What is Prehistory? 1 Environmental Factors 4 Human Evolution and Indian Prehistory 5 Scientific Dating and Related Techniques 9 New Theoretical Perspectives 14 Indian Archaeological Studies During the 19 Last Five Decades and their Significance Palaeolithic Cultures 39 Introduction 39 Chronology 40 Tools and Technologies 41 Spread and Distribution of Palaeolithic Sites 49 Settlement and Subsistence Pattern 52 Conclusion 55 Mesolithic Cultures 57 Introduction 57 Salient Features 57 Regional Distribution 60 Tools and Technologies 63 xiv Prehistory and Protohistory of India: An Appraisal 6. Material Culture and Subsistence Pattern Conclusion Rock Art Neolithic Cultures Introduction Characteristic Features Chronological and Distributional Pattern North-West India Northern India Central India Mid-Gangetic Region Eastern India Southern Neolithic Cultures Conclusion Non-Harappan Chalcolithic Cultures Introduction Cultures Outside the Harappan Zone Settlement System Subsistence Pattern Tools and Technologies Trade Contacts Religious Beliefs and Practices Conclusion Copper-Hoard Cultures Appendices Appendix I : Megalithic Cultures (Peninsular India and the Deccan c. 1000 bc - 300 bc) Introduction Distribution of the Megalithic Monuments and their Structural Forms Chronology 65 67 68 Prehistory and Protohistory of India: An Appraisal Material Culture and Subsistence Pattern Conclusion Rock Art Neolithic Cultures Introduction Characteristic Features Chronological and Distributional Pattern North-West India Northern India Central India Mid-Gangetic Region Eastern India Southern Neolithic Cultures Conclusion Non-Harappan Chalcolithic Cultures Introduction Cultures Outside the Harappan Zone Settlement System Subsistence Pattern Tools and Technologies Trade Contacts Religious Beliefs and Practices Conclusion Copper-Hoard Cultures Appendices Appendix I : Megalithic Cultures (Peninsular India and the Deccan c. 1000 bc - 300 bc) Introduction Distribution of the Megalithic Monuments and their Structural Forms Chronology ntents xv Material Culture 124 Subsistence Economy 127 Conclusion 129 Appendix II : Prominent Sites 133 Adamgarh, 133 — Adichanallur, 134 — Ahar, 135 — Anagwadi, 136 — Attirampakkam or Attiramabakkam, 136 — Baghor, 137 — Bagor, 137 — Belan Valley, 138 — Bhimbetka, 139 — Brahmagiri, 141 — Budihal, 143 — Burzahom, 143 — Chirand, 145 — Chopani-Mando, 146 Damdama, 147 — Daojali Hading, 147 — Didwana, 148 — Gilund, 148 — Gufkral, 149 Hallur, 150 — Hunsgi, 150 — Inamgaon, 151 — Takhera, 153 — Jodhpura, 153 — Jorwe, 154 — Kayatha, 155 — Koldihwa, 156 — Kuchai, 157 — Kupgal or Kupgallu, 157 — Langhnaj, 158 — Mahadaha, 159 — Mahagara, 160 — Mahisdal, 160 — Mahurjhari, 161 — Maski, 162 — Mehrgarh, 163 — Naikund, 165 — Navadatoli, 165 — Nevasa, 166 — Noh, 167 — Paisra, 168 — Paiyampalli, 168 — Pandu Rajar Dhibi, 169 — Piklihal, 170 — Sanaganakallu, 171 — Sarai Nahar Rai, 172 — Savalda, 173 — Takalghata, 173 — Tekkalakota, 174 — Utnur, 175 — Watgal, 175 Glossary 177 Bibliography and References 199 Index 207 List of Maps and Figures Prehistoric Tool Techniques Palaeolithic Tools Principal Sites of Palaeolithic Cultures Principal Sites of Mesolithic Cultures and Rock Paintings Some Mesolithic and Neolithic Tools Rock Art from Central India Rock Art from Central India Principal Sites of Neolithic Cultures Non-Harappan Chalcolithic and Copper-Hoard Sites Copper-Hoard Objects Principal Sites of Megalithic Cultures Forms of Megalithic Structures Prominent Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sites 1 Introduction What is Prehistory? Prehistory refers to that phase of human history when earth was still taking shape and man was evolving biologically through various extinct species from the primates to its present form. It is a history of early man's struggle for survival in adverse environment and is marked by his steady progress from an animal-hunting and wild food-collecting wandering life to that of a food-producing and cattle-herding settled life. Since early human did not know writing, his artifacts, i.e. the things which are deliberately fashioned by him to meet his needs and requirements, such as tools of stone, bone or any other material, pottery, pieces of ornaments, etc. form the only source which stand mute witness to his cultural and material progress. Besides these, the traces of huts, hearths, querns and burials too help us in gaining information on the life-pattern and thought-process of the early humans. During the last half a century, the fresh excavations and new dating techniques along with growing multi-disciplinary approach have not only greatly added to our knowledge but have also changed our perspective and understanding of Prehistory. Today, the Prehistoric tools and artifacts are treated not an end but as the means to understand early 3 2 Prehistory and Protohistory of India: A Reappraisal human's endeavour to feed and protect himself in adverse climatic conditions. In archaeological terminology, there are, besides "Prehistory," two other phases in which human civilization is divided, and these are termed as "Protohistory" and "History." Protohistory is a period when man had become literate but on account of our inability to decipher his records, as in the case of the Harappan Civilization, the data derived from the discovered material objects remains unsupplemented, and our information on his life pattern continues to be hazy and incomplete. Protohistory is also treated as a phase that bridges the gulf between c. 3000 bc and 600 bc. The period referred to as "History," on the other hand, is the one when we come across ample records in the form of literary texts and epigraphs which help us to cross-examine the data and help us in reinforcing our knowledge on human history with greater precision. Chronologically, Prehistory covers the largest period of human history. Since stone was the chief material that was used by early man to procure food or to protect himself, this period is also described as the Stone Age. In Europe the study of Prehistory began in the mid-nineteenth century when Christian J. Thomsen, a Danish Scholar, for the first time in 1836 defined the past of human society in terms of technological and chronological stages marked by the successive use of tools made of stone, bronze and iron (called Three-Age System). In 1851, Daniel Wilson coined the term Prehistory, and in 1865 John Lubbock used the terms Palaeolithic and Neolithic to emphasize the change and progress in tool-types. Documentation of evidence for the Stone Age in India began with the first discovery of a hand-axe at Pallavaram near Madras (now Chennai) by Robert B. Introduction Foote, called Father of Indian Prehistory, in 1863. Since then, particularly during the last five decades, there has been a significant progress in Indian archaeological studies which have enriched greatly our knowledge of the remote past of the Indian subcontinent (see next chapter). Prehistory of India, as elsewhere, is divided into three broad periods — Palaeolithic (pa/eo-old, lithic-stone i.e., Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (meso-middle, lithic-stone, i.e., Middle Stone Age) and, Neolithic (neo-new, lithic-stone, i.e., New Stone Age). Each of these periods is marked by distinct features as well as gradual improvement in tool-making skill and technology. Thus, while the Palaeolithic period witnessed a shift from heavy and asymmetrical to flake-based tools, the Mesolithic period was characterized by the use of "microliths" or small "geometric tools" in the form of triangles, crescents, etc. The Neolithic period, the last phase of Prehistory, was marked by the use of polished and ground tools having better and sharper cutting edge. This period also witnessed the emergence of first farming communities, i.e., the communities which domesticated plants and animals, used pottery and lived in hut-like structures in different ecozones of the country. Since tools and tool-technologies have a direct impact on the production capacity and material life of the human beings, gradual improvement in tool-types from Palaeolithic to Neolithic period is viewed as a primary factor which led to change in early human's subsistence pattern from hunting and gathering to food-production. This concept of reciprocal relationship between technological growth and material progress was first expounded by Gordon Childe (1892-1957) and later popularised by Braidwood and others. Childe used the term "Neolithic Revolution" to emphasize the dynamic impact which the beginning of farming and settled life had on 4 Prehistory and Protohistory of India: A Reappraisal Introduction 5 human kind during the Neolithic period. But the new archaeological data tends to reveal that the transition to farming was one of gradualness and what one notices is more of a "transformation" or "evolution" rather than a "revolution" (see Chapter 5). Environmental Factors The physical environment is viewed by many scholars as a major determining factor which influenced the process of change and progress during the Prehistoric times. The physical environment is characterised by topography, climate and the nature of soil which in turn determine the fauna (animal life) and flora (vegetation) — the two primary sources of subsistence for the early humans. Palaeolithic period covered the Pleistocene (Greek term for "most recent") or the "Ice-age" dated from around 2 m.y.a (million years ago) to 10,000 BP (Before Present). It was an age when a large part of the world was covered by ice-sheets and the climate was extremely cold and arid. As this climate could sustain only limited flora and fauna in the form of bushes and hedges, giant animals with thick and hairy skin, the human ancestors had limited food resources and they lived the life of hunter-gatherers or scavengers. But with the onset of Holocene (a Greek term for "recent") period in around 10,000 BP, there was a change in climate which became warm and wet, very much like the present one. It resulted in the melting of snow and the formation of rivers and forests; even the animals became smaller and swifter. This climatic change made available not only new resources but also created opportunity for early humans for production of cereals and domestication of animals, ultimately enabling them to move from hunting-gathering to food-production and settled life. The theory that the change in early human's life pattern was on account of change in environment is known as "environmental determinism." In its essence it means that humans are a component element of physical environment, and their life and activities are conditioned and governed by it. However, this theory is not fully accepted presently. It is argued that physical surroundings do play an important role in determining human activities but it does not mean that we humans are passive robots helplessly programmed to act according to the climatic conditions. The physical environment permits and at times even restricts the use of certain resources, but a human being is capable enough to overcome the hurdles in the path of progress through his skill and endeavour. It is argued that many other factors, such as cultural traditions, i.e. earlier experience, cultural contact i.e., social and economic interaction with other contemporary social groups, and demographic profile, i.e., the need to feed larger number of people, are also possible factors which could trigger a change. In short, many factors in combination, not the physical environment alone, may encourage technological innovations leading to progress in material and cultural life. It may be worthwhile to note here that Indian Prehistory, on the whole, presents a picture of "cultural continuum" — a process in which each step marks a further growth or evolution over the earlier one. There is nothing static about Indian society and, as in other parts of the world, lithic technology in India too evolved gradually from heavier to smaller and sharper tools, creating necessary conditions for stage-wise cultural growth. Human Evolution and Indian Prehistory Prehistory is intimately connected with the evolution of man and his efforts to survive in adverse environment through 4 Prehistory and Protohistory of India: A Reappraisal Introduction 5 human kind during the Neolithic period. But the new archaeological data tends to reveal that the transition to farming was one of gradualness and what one notices is more of a "transformation" or "evolution" rather than a "revolution" (see Chapter 5). Environmental Factors The physical environment is viewed by many scholars as a major determining factor which influenced the process of change and progress during the Prehistoric times. The physical environment is characterised by topography, climate and the nature of soil which in turn determine the fauna (animal life) and flora (vegetation) — the two primary sources of subsistence for the early humans. Palaeolithic period covered the Pleistocene (Greek term for "most recent") or the "Ice-age" dated from around 2 m.y.a (million years ago) to 10,000 BP (Before Present). It was an age when a large part of the world was covered by ice-sheets and the climate was extremely cold and arid. As this climate could sustain only limited flora and fauna in the form of bushes and hedges, giant animals with thick and hairy skin, the human ancestors had limited food resources and they lived the life of hunter-gatherers or scavengers. But with the onset of Holocene (a Greek term for "recent") period in around 10,000 BP, there was a change in climate which became warm and wet, very much like the present one. It resulted in the melting of snow and the formation of rivers and forests; even the animals became smaller and swifter. This climatic change made available not only new resources but also created opportunity for early humans for production of cereals and domestication of animals, ultimately enabling them to move from hunting-gathering to food-production and settled life. The theory that the change in early human's life pattern was on account of change in environment is known as "environmental determinism." In its essence it means that humans are a component element of physical environment, and their life and activities are conditioned and governed by it. However, this theory is not fully accepted presently. It is argued that physical surroundings do play an important role in determining human activities but it does not mean that we humans are passive robots helplessly programmed to act according to the climatic conditions. The physical environment permits and at times even restricts the use of certain resources, but a human being is capable enough to overcome the hurdles in the path of progress through his skill and endeavour. It is argued that many other factors, such as cultural traditions, i.e. earlier experience, cultural contact i.e., social and economic interaction with other contemporary social groups, and demographic profile, i.e., the need to feed larger number of people, are also possible factors which could trigger a change. In short, many factors in combination, not the physical environment alone, may encourage technological innovations leading to progress in material and cultural life. It may be worthwhile to note here that Indian Prehistory, on the whole, presents a picture of "cultural continuum" — a process in which each step marks a further growth or evolution over the earlier one. There is nothing static about Indian society and, as in other parts of the world, lithic technology in India too evolved gradually from heavier to smaller and sharper tools, creating necessary conditions for stage-wise cultural growth. . Human Evolution and Indian Prehistory Prehistory is intimately connected with the evolution of man and his efforts to survive in adverse environment through 6 Prehistory and Protohistory of India: A Reappraisal technological modification of his tools and weapons. Though the earth was formed around 4,600 m.y.a (million years ago) and organic life appeared in the form of algae or seaweed as far back as some 2,000 m.y.a., the man emerged much later as a result of a long and gradual process of biological change in the last geological epoch called Quarternary period which is subdivided into two phases — (i) Pleistocene and (ii) Holocene. All humans, zoologically speaking, belong to a family called hominid, having the genus or structural characteristics called homo. Initially, they along with apes and gibbons formed a part of a group called the primates, the earliest order of mammals. At some point of time, the hominids, for uncertain reasons, diverged from the apes and gradually developed into modern man through various, now extinct, sub-species such as Homo habilis (handy-man), Homo erectus (upright-man) and Homo sapiens (wise-man). From biological point of view, the human evolution was marked by three distinct functional features — (i) perfect bipedal instead of guadrupedal locomotion; it is associated with the modification of pelvis and lower extremities; (ii) changes in the upper part of the body; it resulted in rotating movement of the shoulders; and (iii) increase in the cranial capacity or brain size — the brain size of modern man is estimated to be 1200-1450 cc, roughly three times that of his most ancient ancestor. The significance of these changes is that whereas bipedalism permitted man to use hands, now freed from walking, to make and use tools, the brain size made him plan and evolve new strategies in search for food. It is now generally believed that the oldest member of the human family who walked, though partially, on two legs appeared first in the tropical or sub-tropical belt of Africa, away from the ice-barrier, about 4 m.y.a. or may be even Introduction 7 earlier. This bow-legged ape-man is called Australopithecine africanus (lit. Southern ape of Africa). His fossils have been recovered from various places in central and eastern part of Africa. Its upright position is indicated by the foot-prints found on cold lava-ash at Laetoli (Tanzania), and from the small skeleton of a female nick-named Lucy, discovered at Hadar (Ethiopia) in 1974. While the foot-prints are dated around 3.8 m.y.a., the "Lucy" skeleton is estimated to be 3.2 m.y. old. This species is not associated with any type of tools. The earliest known evidence of stone tools found in association with hominid fossils are reported from Hadar (Ethiopia) and are considered to be 2.3 million years old. These tools are made on pebbles by striking one against the other to get a sharp edge and are called Oldowan because such tools were first recovered from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. In spite of some difference of opinion, the scholars by and large agree with Leakey and Tobias, the anthropodogists, that these tools were the product of a later species called Homo habilis (the handy­man) who happen to be the earliest tool-makers. What is significant here is the recognition of the fact that around 2.5 m.y.a. human ancestors had started making tools which in the course of time gave them mastery over their environment. The Homo habilis survived from 2.5 m.y.a. to 1.5 m.y.a. when there developed a new species called Homo erectus from whom emerged ultimately Homo sapien sapiens around 40,000 BP (Before Present). An important feature of the human evolution is that with each new species we notice a progressive improvement and refinement in tool-types. An important discovery made by early man was that of fire, traditionally ascribed to the Homo erectus. It provided, him light, heat and protection from predators. It also enabled him to move out from the tropical areas to new places in a colder region. There is, however, considerable debate 9 8 Prehistory and Protohistory of India: A Reappraisal ■ regarding the time and place where fire came to be used first. Some scholars find its earliest evidence in the lump of a burnt clay from Chesowanga (Kenya) dated 1.4 m.y.a., while others look for it in the caves of Swartkrans (South Africa) dated 1 m.y.a. But as there is no evidence of fire place at these places, it is difficult to assert that this fire was

Mathematics and Its Applications Erscheinungsdatum: 31.12.1984

Text: English, Russian (translation)

This book provides an in-depth understanding of free space optical (FSO) communication with a particular emphasis on optical beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The book is structured in such a way that it provides a basic framework for the beginners and also gives a concise description from a designer’s perspective. The book provides an exposure to FSO technology, fundamental limitations, design methodologies, system trade-offs, acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) techniques and link-feasibility analysis. The contents of this book will be of interest to professionals and researchers alike. The book may also be used as a textbook for engineering coursework and professional training.

This book provides an in-depth understanding of free space optical (FSO) communication with a particular emphasis on optical beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The book is structured in such a way that it provides a basic framework for the beginners and also gives a concise description from a designer’s perspective. The book provides an exposure to FSO technology, fundamental limitations, design methodologies, system trade-offs, acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) techniques and link-feasibility analysis. The contents of this book will be of interest to professionals and researchers alike. The book may also be used as a textbook for engineering coursework and professional training.

Analysis of crystals to be grown in space with emphasis on dislocations and stacking faults

The book of computer principles and rules is explained in large simple manner. Computer what type of electronic computers, digital computers, programming techniques, etc. have been detailed introduction.

1 (p0-1): 第1章　概述 1 (p0-2): 1.1　历史回顾 1 (p0-3): 目录 3 (p0-4): 1.2　现代光通信系统 6 (p0-5): 1.3 本书的安排 7 (p0-6): 1.4　参考文献 9 (p0-7): 第2章　光源和光发射机 9 (p0-8): 2.1 引言 10 (p0-9): 2.2　光源工作原理 14 (p0-10): 2.3　发光管 16 (p0-11): 2.4　激光器 31 (p0-12): 2.5　光发射机 32 (p0-13): 2.6　参考文献 33 (p0-14): 3.1　激光器噪声的起因及形成 33 (p0-15): 第3章　激光器噪声 36 (p0-16): 3.2　激光器噪声的统计特性 53 (p0-17): 3.3　驰豫振荡 56 (p0-18): 3.4　滤波的影响 67 (p0-19): 3.5　减小激光器噪声 69 (p0-20): 3.6　参考文献 72 (p0-21): 第4章 光纤 74 (p0-22): 4.1　光纤的类型 76 (p0-23): 4.2　光传播理论 83 (p0-24): 4.3　光纤衰减 85 (p0-25): 4.4　光纤色散 93 (p0-26): 4.5　光纤设计与选择 97 (p0-27): 4.6　光纤材料、制造及成缆 102 (p0-28): 4.7　光纤熔接及连接器 108 (p0-29): 4.8　光纤中的非线性效应 111 (p0-30): 4.9　布拉格光纤光栅 112 (p0-31): 4.10　参考文献 115 (p0-32): 第5章　偏振波动 115 (p0-33): 5.1　单模光纤中的偏振现象 138 (p0-34): 5.2　偏振传播矩阵 139 (p0-35): 5.3　降低偏振波动 148 (p0-36): 5.4　参考文献 153 (p0-37): 第6章 光探测器和光接收机 154 (p0-38): 6.1 光电探测器 155 (p0-39): 6.2　光电探测器的类型 167 (p0-40): 6.3　光电二极管的噪声 170 (p0-41): 6.4　最小可探测功率 171 (p0-42): 6.5 光接收机的结构 177 (p0-43): 6.6　参考文献 179 (p0-44): 第7章　光放大器 179 (p0-45): 7.1 光放大器的种类 187 (p0-46): 7.2　半导体光放大器和光纤放大器的比较 188 (p0-47): 7.3　光放大器的应用 190 (p0-48): 7.4　光放大器的噪声 192 (p0-49): 7.5　放大器的噪声系数 193 (p0-50): 7.6　参考文献 196 (p0-51): 第8章　光学网络器件 196 (p0-52): 8.1　接入场技术 198 (p0-53): 8.2　定向耦合器 205 (p0-54): 8.3　波分复用器和解复用器 211 (p0-55): 8.4　衰减器、隔离器、环行器和起偏器 216 (p0-56): 8.5　可调谐滤波器 226 (p0-57): 8.7　调制器 226 (p0-58): 8.6　固定滤波器 227 (p0-59): 8.8　路由和交换元件 232 (p0-60): 8.9　波长转换器 234 (p0-61): 8.10　光学双稳态和数字光学 237 (p0-62): 8.11　参考文献 242 (p0-63): 第9章　光通信系统基础 242 (p0-64): 9.1　直接检测和相干检测原理 245 (p0-65): 9.2　接收机性能 253 (p0-66): 9.3　光通信系统器件 256 (p0-67): 9.4　光通信系统中的信号 268 (p0-68): 9.5 眼图与差错概率 278 (p0-69): 9.6　参考文献 279 (p0-70): 第10章　非相干系统：分析和优化 279 (p0-71): 10.1 分析 282 (p0-72): 10.2　优化 285 (p0-73): 10.3　激光器噪声的影响 286 (p0-74): 10.4　接收机的参数计算：举例 289 (p0-75): 10.5　使用光放大器的非相干系统 291 (p0-76): 10.6　参考文献 293 (p0-77): 第11章　相干系统：分析与优化 294 (p0-78): 11.1　零差系统 323 (p0-79): 11.2 使用相干探测的外差系统 326 (p0-80): 11.3 使用非相干探测的外差系统 369 (p0-81): 11.4　带有光放大器的相干系统 371 (p0-82): 11.5 外差探测中计算方法的比较 379 (p0-83): 11.6　参考文献 383 (p0-84): 第12章　系统比较、应用与物理极限 383 (p0-85): 12.1 理想条件下的系统比较 387 (p0-86): 12.2　真实条件下的系统比较 396 (p0-87): 12.3 应用及实现时的特殊问题 405 (p0-88): 12.4　光通信的物理极限 413 (p0-89): 12.5 参考文献 417 (p0-90): 第13章　光纤链路设计 417 (p0-91): 13.1 长途通信系统 419 (p0-92): 13.2　功率预算 420 (p0-93): 13.3　时间预算 421 (p0-94): 13.4　最大链路长度的计算 424 (p0-95): 13.5　参考文献 426 (p0-96): 第14章　光网络 426 (p0-97): 14.1 网络原理 439 (p0-98): 14.2 光网络的背景 442 (p0-99): 14.3 光纤网络 464 (p0-100): 14.4　全光网络 469 (p0-101): 14.5　光通信网络的发展趋势 477 (p0-102): 14.6　参考文献 481 (p0-103): 第15章　空间光通信 481 (p0-104): 15.1　引言 481 (p0-105): 15.2　空间光通信系统的应用 482 (p0-106): 15.3　同微波系统的比较 485 (p0-107): 15.4　相干空间光通信系统 485 (p0-108): 15.5　缺点及技术困难 486 (p0-109): 15.6　系统介绍及设计 509 (p0-110): 15.7　参考文献 512 (p0-111): 附录A 512 (p0-112): A.1 大西洋越洋传输链路 512 (p0-113): A.2　梯度折射率棒透镜 514 (p0-114): 参考文献

Anthology containing: 2decdd3c5dbfa83b52c89d42a571ac47 by Unknown (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing)

Anthology containing: 2decdd3c5dbfa83b52c89d42a571ac47 by Unknown (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing)

Anthology containing: 2decdd3c5dbfa83b52c89d42a571ac47 by Unknown (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing)

Статья. Опубликована в журнале "International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology". – 2013. – Vol. 4, No.1 – P. 130-136. Статья на английском языке. Название на русском языке: Сокращение простоев на ремонт для конических роликовых подшипников за счет магнитно-абразивной финишной обработки (МАО). Аннотация к статье на английском языке: Bearings are one of the most important and critical component in the wide variety of machines. Most of the bearings are failed before completing their theoretical life due to the wear, corrosion, contamination, fatigue etc. The cost and time involved in repairing the bearings is very high. In the present work, Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process is developed to reduce the turnaround time of repairing the taper roller bearing. The finishing time varies according to the level of damage of the bearing surface. The surface of the bearing has complex configuration (curved and conical) thus MAF is best suited due to the self-adaptability of the flexible magnetic abrasive brush (FMAB).Permanent magnets are used to hold the FMAB. The experiments performed using the magnetic abrasive powder (MAP) consisting of abrasives (boron carbide (B4C) and diamond), iron powder, de-ionized water and glycerin in appropriate composition. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of vol. % of diamond abrasives, number of magnets and strength of magnets in nano-finishing of taper roller bearings. The experiments were designed as two level full factorial. The basic principle of material removal is three body abrasive wear. It was found that addition of diamond abrasives in the MAP greatly improved not only the finishing rate but % change in surface finish also. The best finish achieved is (Ra=) 36.5 nm from initial (Ra=) 271.5 nm without any surface damage within 24 min. It is concluded that by implementing the present process a highly finished surface of taper roller bearing can be achieved within a short time span depending upon the initial condition of the bearing surface.

Статья. Опубликована в журнале "International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology". – 2005. – Vol. 26. – P. 477-490. Статья на английском языке. Название на русском языке: Моделирование и имитация процесса магнитно-абразивной обработки. Аннотация к статье на английском языке: Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the advanced finishing processes, which produces a high level of surface quality and is primarily controlled by a magnetic field. In MAF, the workpiece is kept between the two poles of a magnet. The working gap between the workpiece and the magnet is filled with magnetic abrasive particles. A magnetic abrasive flexible brush (MAFB) is formed, acting as a multipoint cutting tool, due to the effect of the magnetic field in the working gap. This paper deals with the theoretical investigations of the MAF process. A finite element model of the process is developed to evaluate the distribution of magnetic forces on the workpiece surface. The MAF process removes a very small amount of material by indentation and rotation of magnetic abrasive particles in the circular tracks. A theoretical model for material removal and surface roughness is also proposed accounting for microcutting by considering a uniform surface profile without statistical distribution. Numerical experiments are carried out by providing different routes of intermittent motion to the tool. The simulation results are verified by comparing them with the experimental results available in the literature.

Vk Global Publications Pvt. Ltd. Is A Household Name Now. Established In 1979, With More Than Three Decades Of Leadership In The Area Of Economics And Commerce, We Take Pride In Claiming That We Continue With The Unstirred Readeship In The Country. Specialising In The Area Of Economics And Commerce, We Are Not Averse To The Idea Of Diversification. Keeping This In View, More Than A Decade Ago, A Series Of 'xam Idea' Was Launched In All The Subjects For Classes Ix -x However, Success Of Our Publication Is Admittedly Due To Prudent Prolific Writers. We Have Resource-pool Of Reputed Authors, Who Leave No Stone Unturned In Bringing Out The Best Of Study Material, Which Makes Our Readers Versatile In Their Thought Processes And Equips Them With The Exam-oriented Acumen. Thousands Of Acknowledgments And Accolades That We Receive Every Year From Our Readers Are A Good Testimony To The Genuine Efforts And Trustworthy Endeavours Of Our Authors.

Vk Global Publications Pvt. Ltd. Is A Household Name Now. Established In 1979, With More Than Three Decades Of Leadership In The Area Of Economics And Commerce, We Take Pride In Claiming That We Continue With The Unstirred Readeship In The Country. Specialising In The Area Of Economics And Commerce, We Are Not Averse To The Idea Of Diversification. Keeping This In View, More Than A Decade Ago, A Series Of 'xam Idea' Was Launched In All The Subjects For Classes Ix -x However, Success Of Our Publication Is Admittedly Due To Prudent Prolific Writers. We Have Resource-pool Of Reputed Authors, Who Leave No Stone Unturned In Bringing Out The Best Of Study Material, Which Makes Our Readers Versatile In Their Thought Processes And Equips Them With The Exam-oriented Acumen. Thousands Of Acknowledgments And Accolades That We Receive Every Year From Our Readers Are A Good Testimony To The Genuine Efforts And Trustworthy Endeavours Of Our Authors.

Статья. Опубликована в журнале "J. Wear". – 2001. – Vol. 250. – P. 384-390. Авторы: V.K. Jain, P. Kumar, P.K. Behera, S.C. Jayswal. Статья на английском языке. Название на русском языке: Влияние рабочего зазора и окружной скорости на выполнение магнитно-абразивной финишной обработки. Аннотация к статье на английском языке: Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the advanced finishing processes in which workpiece is kept between two magnets, and cutting force is controlled by working gap and magnetic field between the two magnets. MAF setup is designed for finishing cylindrical workpieces and it is mounted on lathe machine. The loosely bounded powder is prepared for experimentation by homogeneous mixing of magnetic powder (Fe powder of 300 mesh size (51.4 μm)), abrasive powder (Al 2 O 3 of 600 mesh size (25.7 μm), and lubricant called servospin-12 oil. To investigate the effects of working gap and circumferential speed on material removal, change in surface finish and percent improvement in surface finish, a series of experiments have been conducted using in-house fabricated setup. Based upon the results, in general, material removal decreases by increasing working gap or decreasing circumferential speed of the workpiece. Change in surface finish increases by increasing circumferential speed of the workpiece.

Annotation LASER SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS provides the foundation for understanding the subject of lasers. The topics included in this book are various experiments that led to the foundation of quantum mechanics, concepts of atomic and molecular spectra. Basic concepts of lasers, solid, liquid and gas lasers, Q-switching and mode locking are described. The applications of laser to material processing, medicine and surgery, holography, optical communication, Lidar, military, meteorology, isotope separation, nuclear fusion are discussed.communication, Lidar, military, meteorology, isotope separation, nuclear fusion are discussed

Anthology containing: 2decdd3c5dbfa83b52c89d42a571ac47 by Unknown (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing)

Anthology containing: 2decdd3c5dbfa83b52c89d42a571ac47 by Unknown (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing)

For over four decades Ghai Essential Pediatrics has been India's most trusted resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students in pediatrics. The ninth edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to ensure that the reader has access to latest information on diagnoses and therapies. • Emphasis on recognition and management of common pediatric conditions. • Liberal use of algorithms and tables emphasise differential diagnosis, and integrating strategies for evaluation and management. • Updated guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertension, tuberculosis and other infections, and diabetes mellitus. • Extensively revised chapters on nutrition, growth, adolescent health, immunization, infections, gastrointestinal system, malignancies, and inborn errors of metabolism. • Fresh perspectives from new contributing authors on disorders of development, central nervous system, otorhinolaryngology, micronutrients, poisonings and IMNCI. • References to relevant websites and updated resources for suggested reading. • Free access to a dedicated App that provides resource of related clinical photographs, radiographs, tables and algorithms to enhance student-learning and support class-teaching.

Anthology containing: 2decdd3c5dbfa83b52c89d42a571ac47 by Unknown (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing)

Anthology containing: 2decdd3c5dbfa83b52c89d42a571ac47 by Unknown (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing) (Title Missing) by (Author Missing)

vi, 166 p. : 22 cm Includes bibliographies

Статья. Опубликована в журнале "Journal of Materials Processing Technology". – 2004. – Vol. 149. – P. 22-29. Статья на английском языке. Название на русском языке: Параметрическое исследование процесса магнитно-абразивной финишной обработки. Аннотация к статье на английском языке: In the present investigation on magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process, Taguchi design of experiments is applied to find out important parameters influencing the surface quality generated. Important parameters influencing the surface quality generated during the MAF are identified as: (i) voltage (DC) applied to the electromagnet, (ii) working gap, (iii) rotational speed of the magnet, and (iv) abrasive size (mesh number). Experimental results indicate that for a change in surface roughness ( Ra), voltage and working gap are found to be the most significant parameters followed by grain mesh number and then rotational speed. To analyze the finishing process, a force transducer has been designed and fabricated to measure forces acting during MAF.

"This book covers advances in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, along with the aspects needed for a successful and marketable nano-formulation. With advances in synthetic technologies, nanoparticles can be custom made from variety of advanced materials to mimic the bioenvironment and equipped with various targeting and imaging moieties"-- Provided by publisher

Indian economic development by T.R Jain and D.r V.K Ohri for class 12

Please READ DESCRIPTION Before Buying. The item is Brand New Paperback International/South Asian Edition textbook with 100 % identical Contents as US Edition. Shipped Same Day. Will be dispatched fast. 100% Satisfaction. Great Customer Service, Buy with Confidence, Front Cover May Differ. Ships to PO or APO. May have printed "NOT FOR SALE OUTSIDE of INDIA" or Territorial Disclaimer.

Тезис доклада. ASPE Proceedings. Monterey, California, 2006. Название на русском языке: Температурный анализ суперфиниширования легированной стали с использованием гибкого магнитно-абразивного шлифования. Аннотация на английском языке: The present analysis for the rise in temperature is a step towards an understanding of the FMAG process. The temperature rise is quite low in the process, when machining is performed under the conditions specified in the paper.