Cover 1 Reading Virgil 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Illustrations 10 Maps 11 Preface 13 Abbreviations and other conventions 15 Introduction: Virgil and the Aeneid 17 Life of Virgil 17 Early life, looks, health 17 Retiring nature 18 Summary of writings: Aeneid and Rome’s origins 18 Compositional technique 18 Recitations 19 Augustus’ keen interest 19 Death 19 Virgil’s wishes ignored 20 Critical reactions 20 Servius on the nature of the Aeneid and its praise of Augustus’ parentage 21 Rome in the first century BC 21 Rome’s rise to power 21 The end of the republic and rise of Octavian/Augustus 22 Maecenas’ wooing of Virgil 22 Virgil’s hopes of Octavian/Augustus 23 Virgil’s early plans for an epic 23 The Aeneid and its forerunners 24 Homer 24 Virgil’s use of Naevius’ ‘Punic War’ epic 25 Naevius’ use of Aeneas 25 Naevius’ use of Venus 26 Ennius imitates Homer: a nation’s destiny 26 Ennius’ use of the present tense 27 Post-Ennian epic: battles in verse 27 Virgil’s epic brand: Romanised history, myth, morals and politics 28 The advantages of Virgil’s epic concept 29 Book 1: Rome, Troy and Carthage 30 The storm, Neptune and Venus 31 Jupiter: Rome’s national god 31 Virgil and Augustus (i) 32 Virgil and Augustus (ii) 33 Aeneas and Dido: old Troy, new Carthage 34 Aeneas and his men 35 Aeneas and Dido: immigrant co-founders of Carthage? 35 Book 2: Sources for the Trojan war 36 Aeneas heroised 37 The tragic dimension of the Aeneid 37 The structure of Book 2 38 Aeneas’ account: absolving a losing hero 38 Aeneas: some questions 39 Aeneas 39 Not a modern hero 39 The ethical hero 40 The stoic Aeneas: a man of few words 40 Aeneas: no superman (i) 41 Aeneas: no superman (ii) 42 The hero who obeys 43 Gods and fate 44 Gods: what the poet makes of them 44 ‘Dignifying Rome’s foundation’ 44 Gods human and divine 45 The gods’ commitment to Rome 46 Making the incredible credible: the poet’s art 46 Fate as historical process 47 Servius 48 Glossary of literary terms 49 Notes for the reader 52 Help with the text 53 Grammar 55 Metre and verse in the Aeneid 57 Heavy and light syllables 57 Elision 58 Pronunciation 58 Exercise 59 The hexameter 59 Caesura 59 Exercises 60 Verse and sentence structure 61 Stress and ictus 64 Rules of word-accent 65 Exercise 66 Notes on Virgil’s style 66 Suggestions for further reading 68 Maps 71 Book 1 Aeneas’ mission: from storm to refuge 73 1.1–33: Introduction – Juno’s anger and the founding of Rome 75 1.1–7: My theme – a much-travelled, long-suffering Trojan on a mission to found a city and the Roman race 75 1.8–11: Muse, why did Juno make such a good man suffer? 78 1.12–18: Carthage, a city loved by the goddess Juno, was her kingdom, while fate allowed 79 1.19–28: Juno had heard that a man of Trojan descent would destroy Carthage; and she hated the Trojans anyway, after Paris had insulted her 81 1.29–33: So she harried the Trojans constantly, making the founding of Rome a tremendous struggle 83 Learning vocabulary for Section 1.1–33 84 Study Section for 1.1–33 85 1.34–123: Storm at sea 87 1.34–41: As the Trojans leave Sicily, Juno remembers how Minerva treated her beloved Greeks, and decides to act 87 1.42–9: ‘Minerva smashed Ajax’s ships and killed him – is no one left to worship me, queen of the gods?’ 88 1.50–7: Juno reaches Aeolia, where Aeolus keeps the howling storm winds under control 90 1.58–64: Destruction would have ensued had Jupiter not put Aeolus in charge to keep them in check 91 1.65–70: ‘My enemies are sailing for Italy; smash them’ 92 1.71–5: ‘I shall give you Deiopea as your wife’ 93 1.76–80: Aeolus: ‘Agreed, for thanks to you I have my seat among the gods’ 94 1.81–91: The storm breaks: huge waves, men scream, rigging shrieks, darkness, thunder and lightning, death everywhere 95 1.92–101: Aeneas despairs: ‘Why could I not have died at Troy with Hector and all the rest?’ 96 1.102–7: Aeneas’ ship is badly damaged, others thrown about on the waves 98 1.108–23: Three ships hit a reef, three run aground on the Syrtes, another sinks 99 Learning vocabulary for Section 1.34–123 101 Study Section for 1.34–123 102 1.124–222: Neptune’s intervention, and landfall 104 1.124–31: Neptune senses the disturbance, rises up and summons the winds 104 1.132–41: ‘Have you dared to act without my orders? Tell Aeolus to keep to his own realm’ 105 1.142–7: Neptune, with help, calms the waves and rescues the ships . . . 106 1.148–56: . . . like a great man calming a noisy, seditious rabble 107 1.157–69: Aeneas’ men make for Libya and find a threatening-looking,but easy, safe anchorage 108 1.170–9: The crew of the seven remaining ships disembark, light a fire and prepare to eat 111 1.180–6: Aeneas climbs a rock. He can see no other ships, but spots some stags 112 1.187–97: Aeneas returns with seven stags, divides them up and shares out Acestes’ wine 113 1.198–207: Aeneas rallies his men: ‘You have suffered worse; be of good heart; Troy will rise again in Latium’ 114 1.208–15: Aeneas hides his misery; his men prepare the food, eat and drink 116 1.216–22: Food eaten and tables cleared, they grieve for lost comrades 117 Learning vocabulary for Section 1.124–222 118 Study Section for 1.124–222 119 1.223–304: Jupiter’s promise 121 1.223–33: Jupiter turns his attention to Libya, and Venus asks him why he is causing such suffering for her son Aeneas 121 1.234–41: ‘You promised they would found Rome; that was my consolation. When will their trials end?’ 123 1.242–53: ‘Trojan Antenor was allowed to escape the Greeks and found Patavium; but Aeneas is betrayed, his obedience unrewarded’ 124 1.254–66: Jupiter, smiling, replies ‘Fear not: it will all happen, Aeneas will win his battles in Italy and reign for three years’ 126 1.267–77: ‘His son Ascanius/Iulus will reign for thirty years, and build a new city in Alba Longa which will last 300 years; then Romulus will be born and build Rome’ 127 1.278–88: ‘Rome will rule for ever, and Juno will be won over. Romans will conquer Greece, and Julius Caesar will be born’ 129 1.289–96: ‘Caesar will be received into heaven, justice will prevail, war will end and Strife be locked up’ 130 1.297–304: Maia’s son Mercury is sent to prepare Dido and the Carthaginians to welcome Aeneas and the Trojans 132 Learning vocabulary for Section 1.223–304 133 Study Section for 1.223–304 133 1.305–417: Encounter with Venus 135 1.305–13: In the morning Aeneas and Achates set out to explore the land 135 1.314–24: Aeneas’ mother Venus, dressed as a Spartan girl or Thracian huntress, meets him and asks if he has seen her fellow huntresses 136 1.325–34: Aeneas, convinced she is a goddess, asks for help, promising her sacrifices 137 1.335–42: Venus denies it, saying she is an ordinary Tyrian girl in a city where Dido now rules. She tells the story 138 1.343–52: ‘Dido’s beloved husband Sychaeus was killed by her evil brother Pygmalion for Sychaeus’ gold; he kept the deed secret from her’ 139 1.353–64: ‘Sychaeus revealed all in a dream and, telling Dido where his gold was, persuaded her to flee, which she did, with companions’ 140 1.365–71: ‘So they sailed to Carthage and measured out their territory with bull’s hide. But who are you?’ 141 1.372–9: ‘The story would be too long; we are Trojans driven ashore here and I am Aeneas’ 142 1.380–6: ‘My mother showed me the way to Italy, but I have lost many ships and arrived here’ 143 1.387–401: Venus says he has reached Carthage and should seek the queen; his ships are safe, to judge by a bird omen she has seen 144 1.402–9: Venus departs, but Aeneas recognises her and complains that she will not even acknowledge him 145 1.410–17: Venus conceals them in a cloud and herself leaves for her sanctuary on Paphos (frontispiece) 147 Learning vocabulary for Section 1.305–417 148 Study Section for 1.305–417 148 1.418–519: Arrival in Carthage 151 1.418–29: They reach Carthage and admire the work – gates, streets, walls, buildings, government, harbours, and theatres 151 1.430–40: They are busy like bees working round the hive; Aeneas is impressed and envious 152 1.441–52: In a grove Dido was having built a temple to Juno – in which Aeneas saw his first signs of hope 154 1.453–63: Aeneas sees depictions of the Trojan war and is comforted that their sufferings are known even there – so there is hope 155 1.464–78: Tearfully, he sees Greeks fighting Trojans – Greek Achilles and Diomedes, and Trojan Troilus dragged to his death by his horses 157 1.479–93: . . . Trojans supplicating Minerva, Achilles selling the body of dead Hector, and pro-Trojan Eastern warriors like Memnon, the Amazons and Penthesilea 158 1.494–504: Dido appears, looking like the huntress Diana among her followers 160 1.505–19: As Dido legislates from the temple, Aeneas is amazed to see appearing the men he had thought lost at sea, and longs to question them 162 Learning vocabulary for Section 1.418–519 163 Study Section for 1.418–519 164 1.520–656: Dido’s welcome 166 1.520–33: Ilioneus appeals for help: they have not come to plunder the city but to reach Italy 166 1.534–50 ‘But suddenly a storm arose; now we are being attacked and have lost our leader Aeneas’ 167 1.551–8: ‘Help us to reach Italy, or if Aeneas is dead, at least to return to Sicily’ 169 1.559–78: Dido greets them, explains the behaviour of her guards and says everyone knows of the Trojans; they will be safe here and she will try to find Aeneas 170 1.579–93: Aeneas and Achates long to reveal themselves; their cloud disperses and Aeneas is revealed, looking like a god 172 1.594–612: Aeneas explains who he is and praises Dido for her generosity 173 1.613–30: The amazed Dido can hardly believe it is Aeneas, mentions her links with him through Greek Teucer and welcomes them all 174 1.631–42: Sacrifices are prepared and the palace arranged for a magnificent banquet 176 1.643–56: Aeneas sends Achates to fetch his son Ascanius and gifts saved from Troy for the queen 177 Learning vocabulary for Section 1.520–656 179 Study Section for 1.520–656 179 1.657–756: Falling in love 181 1.657–76: Venus, fearful of Carthage and Juno, decides to replace Ascanius briefly with her son Cupid and orders him to make Dido fall in love with Aeneas 181 1.677–94: ‘I shall send Ascanius to sleep and remove him; you act his part and breathe your fire of love into her’ 183 1.695–711: The Trojans arrive and sit at table, the Carthaginians admire the gifts and ‘Ascanius’ 184 1.712–22: Dido is entranced by Cupid/Ascanius, who slowly makes her forget her previous husband and turns her heart to new love 186 1.723–35: After the food, drink is brought in and Dido toasts the occasion, praying for a happy outcome 188 1.736–47: All partake of the toast; then the singer Iopas entertains them with songs of the origins of the universe 189 1.748–56: Dido, transfixed with love, questions Aeneas about Troy and demands he tell his story 190 Study Section for 1.657–756 192 Topics for extended essays on Book 1 193 Book 2 Aeneas’ account of the destruction of Ilium 195 2.1–56: The Greeks’ ‘departure’, and the wooden horse 197 2.1–13: As all fall silent, Aeneas introduces the pitiable fall of Troy (see Figure 2), at which even Greeks would weep; but despite his reluctance, he will begin 197 2.13–20: ‘After years of failure, the Greeks with Minerva’s help constructed a wooden horse, filling it with armed men’ 200 2.21–30: ‘They then left to hide in the nearby island of Tenedos. We, imagining them gone, came out to explore their camp and the battlefield, where it had all happened’ 202 2.31–9: ‘Minerva’s gift attracted special attention. Some welcomed it, others wanted it thrown into the sea, burned or opened up’ 203 2.40–9: ‘The priest Laocoon was adamant that, as you would expect from Greeks, it was all a trick’ 205 2.50–6: ‘Laocoon threw a spear into it, making the horse echo. Had the fates not been contrary, Troy would still stand' 207 Learning vocabulary for Section 2.1–56 208 Study section for 2.1–56 209 2.57–198: Sinon’s tale 210 2.57–66: ‘Then herdsmen brought in a young man, hands bound, primed to trick the Trojans or die – if they but knew it’ 210 2.67–75: ‘The captive wondered where he was, an enemy of Greek and Trojan alike. We were immediately interested in his story’ 212 2.77–87: ‘He admitted to being a Greek, Sinon, and said he was a close friend and relative of Palamedes, put to death for opposing the war’ 213 2.88–96: ‘He said his standing was now lost, and in his grief threatened to take revenge if ever he returned to Greece’‘ 215 2.97–104: ‘He described how Ulysses spread rumours about him, determined to do away with him – but he then broke off , wondering why he should waste time telling the Trojans this, since they hated all Greeks’ 216 2.105–13: ‘This made us all the keener to hear his story, and he told how the Greeks wanted to leave Troy, but winds prevented them. So, Sinon said, they built the wooden horse – but it was greeted with a thunderstorm’ 217 2.114–21: ‘Eurypylus was sent to the oracle, which said they must sacrifice a Greek if they were ever to return’ 219 2.122–31: ‘Ulysses sent for the prophet Calchas who, after a long silence, said Sinon should be the victim’ 220 2.132–44: ‘Sinon was prepared for sacrifice but escaped; knowing that he now stood no chance of ever returning home, he asked us to take pity on him’ 221 2.145–61: ‘We pitied him, and Priam made him one of us, before asking what the wooden horse was for. Sinon said he would tell us, it being no crime now for him to break an oath of allegiance to the Greeks’ 223 2.162–79: ‘Sinon said the Greeks had lost the confidence of Minerva because they stole the Palladium, her image, from her temple in Ilium. When the image started acting strangely, Calchas said they had to take it back to Greece, consult the omens and then return with it to Troy’ 226 2.180–98: ‘Sinon said the Greeks had now left for home, leaving the horse to atone for their sin against Minerva. He said that if the Trojans did not violate it, but took it into the city, it was fated that Troy would take the battle to Greece’ 228 Learning vocabulary for Section 2.57–198 231 Study section for 2.57–198 232 2.199–267: The fate of Laocoon 234 2.199–208: ‘Then another sign: as Laocoon sacrificed, two huge serpents emerged from the sea’ 234 2.209–27: ‘As we fled in terror, they made for Laocoon, attacked his sons and then turned on him as he tried to save them. The snakes then took refuge in Minerva’s temple’ 235 2.228–40: ‘Assuming that this omen was the punishment for Laocoon attacking the horse, people shouted for the horse to be brought into the city. We celebrated as we did so’ 237 2.241–9: ‘We ignored the signs as we brought it in, ignored Cassandra’s prophecies and instead adorned the gods’ shrines’ 239 2.250–67: ‘As we slept, the Greek fleet left Tenedos, Sinon opened up the horse and the city’s gates. The Greeks killed the guards and joined forces’ 240 Learning vocabulary for Section 2.199–267 243 Study section for 2.199–267 243 2.268–401: From a dream of Hector to the battle for Ilium 244 2.268–86: ‘As I slept, Hector, still mutilated from Achilles’ assault on him, appeared to me in a dream. I asked why he had come’ 244 2.287–97: ‘He ignored my questions and told me Troy was no more: I was to flee, taking the city’s sacraments and household gods with me’ 246 2.298–317: ‘As the noise of battle grew, I made for the top of the house to witness the scene, like a shepherd watching a fire or flood. Destruction was widespread; foolishly I armed myself for battle’ 247 2.318–35: ‘I asked the priest Panthus, escaping with grandson and holy objects, what was happening and he said all hope was lost – the Greeks had taken the city’ 250 2.336–54: ‘I joined other Trojans and urged them to be ready to die in defence of a lost cause’ 252 2.355–69: ‘We attacked like wolves; the city was on its knees, bodies everywhere (Greek and Trojan), grief, fear and death universal’ 254 2.370–85: ‘We killed the Greek Androgeos and his men, who did not recognise us as Trojans’ 255 2.386–401: ‘Coroebus suggested disguising ourselves as Greeks, and we began by enjoying great success’ 257 Learning vocabulary for Section 2.268–401 258 Study section for 2.268–401 259 2.402–505: The siege of Priam’s palace 260 2.402–12: ‘Coroebus saw Cassandra being dragged away by the Greeks, and led a ferocious assault; but Trojans mistook us for Greeks, and the slaughter was great’ 260 2.413–34: ‘The Greeks too, seeing through our disguise, attacked us. It was like adverse winds clashing; despite my efforts, most of my companions were killed’ 262 2.434–52: ‘I and two others reached Priam’s palace; while the Greeks tried to storm it, the Trojans from above hurled down on them whatever they could tear from the building, while massed Trojans defended the entrance. I rushed to join them’ 264 2.453–68: ‘I entered the palace by a back entrance and made for the roof; there we collapsed a tower onto the Greeks below, but still they came’ 266 2.469–90: ‘The snake-like Pyrrhus (son of Achilles) and other Greeks hacked into the door into the palace and observed the confusion and terror inside’ 267 2.491–505: ‘Breaking through the door, the Greeks butchered the occupants, as destructive as a river in spate. All hope was gone. The Greeks were the masters’ 270 Learning vocabulary for Section 2.402–505 272 Study section for 2.402–505 272 2.506–58: The death of Priam 275 2.506–25: ‘Old Priam buckled on his armour, but his wife Hecuba told him to seek refuge with her at the altar’ 275 2.526–43: ‘Priam’s son Polites tried to escape Pyrrhus, but was killed near the altar. Priam rounded on Pyrrhus, accusing him of being no true son of his father Achilles’ 277 2.544–58: ‘Priam threw a feeble spear at Pyrrhus, who told him to report his actions to Achilles in Hades, then slaughtered him, leaving his headless corpse on the shore’ 279 Learning vocabulary for Section 2.506–58 281 Study section for 2.506–58 281 2.559–633: Helen and Venus 283 2.559–66: ‘I suddenly thought of my father, wife and family, and found myself alone’ 283 2.567–88: (‘Then I saw Helen; she was trying to hide from Trojans as well as Greeks. I thought of her returning home to Greece in triumph and longed to kill her there and then and take revenge for all she had done’) 284 2.589–603: ‘Suddenly Venus appeared to me, telling me to look for my family and forget about Helen or Paris – the gods were responsible for Troy’s fall’ 286 2.604–23: ‘Venus showed me Neptune, Juno and Minerva at work destroying the city, and told me to escape’ 288 2.624–33: ‘I saw Troy toppling like a ancient ash tree’ 290 Learning vocabulary for Section 2.559–633 291 Study section for 2.559–633 291 2.634–734: Anchises 293 2.634–49: ‘I found my father, but he refused to leave; he had been useless for too long and wanted to die in Troy’ 293 2.650–70: ‘No one could persuade Anchises otherwise; I decided I had to stay and fight’ 294 2.671–91: ‘As I armed, Creusa begged me to think of the family. At that moment a supernatural flame appeared on Iulus’ head, a sign greeted joyfully by Anchises who begged Jupiter for confirmation’ 296 2.692–704: ‘When a shooting star flashed across the sky, Anchises agreed to leave’ 298 2.705–20: ‘I said I would carry Anchises; everyone was to meet by an ancient cypress tree; Anchises would bring Troy’s sacraments and ancestral gods’ 299 2.721–34: ‘Now fearful of everything, I set off with Anchises, Creusa and Iulus, but Anchises heard foot-steps and told me to run for it’ 301 Study section for 2.634–734 303 2.735–804: Creusa 304 2.735–51: ‘I ran off wildly and, meeting up at the tree, found Creusa missing. I armed and went back to find her’ 304 2.752–70: ‘Despite Greek control of the city and its treasures, I searched everywhere, even calling her name’ 305 2.771–89: ‘Then Creusa appeared as a ghost, telling me it was the gods’ will and predicting the Trojan future in Hesperia’ 307 2.790–804: ‘I tried in vain to embrace her, rejoined my family and companions and set off for the hills’ 309 Study section for 2.735–804 311 Topics for extended essays on Book 2 312 Some views for general discussion 313 Appendix: Other versions of the sack of Ilium 314 Summary of The Sack of Ilium (Arctinus from Miletus, c. ?650 BC) 314 From the summary of the Little Iliad (Lesches, c. ?650 BC) 314 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities (c. 7 BC) Book 1 46–8 (Loeb translation) 314 Apollodorus, The Library of Greek Mythology (c. AD 100??), tr. by Robin Hard (World’s Classics) Epitome 5.13–23 316 Diodorus Siculus (‘from Sicily’), Library of History (c. 30 BC), 7.4 317 Total learning vocabulary 318 A 318 B 319 C 319 D 321 E 321 F 322 G 323 H 323 I 323 L 324 M 325 N 326 O 326 P 327 Q 328 R 329 S 329 T 331 U 331 V 332 Index 333

Frontcover 1 Title page 4 Copyright page 5 Contents 6 Dedication 8 Map 9 Translator's Preface 12 Introduction 16 Book One 74 Book Two 100 Book Three 127 Book Four 150 Book Five 174 Book Six 203 Book Seven 235 Book Eight 263 Book Nine 288 Book Ten 317 Book Eleven 350 Book Twelve 381 Glossary of Names 414 Suggestions for Further Reading 426 Backcover 429

With his translations of Homer's classic poems, Robert Fagles gave new life to seminal works of the Western canon and became one of the preeminent translators of our time. His latest achievement completes the magnificent triptych of Western epics. A sweeping story of arms and heroism, The Aeneid follows the adventures of Aeneas, who flees the ashes of Troy to embark upon a tortuous course that brings him to Italy and fulfills his destiny as founder of the Roman people. Retaining all of the gravitas and humanity of the original, this powerful blend of poetry and myth remains as relevant today as when it was first written. European Literary Fiction

From Publishers Weekly Starred Review. At the start of bestseller Sandford's superb 20th Lucas Davenport thriller (after Wicked Prey ), the getaway vehicle from a botched early morning robbery, which results in a pharmacy employee's death, almost collides with the car driven by Lucas's surgeon wife, Weather Karkinnen. Weather, who was on her way to work at the Minnesota Medical Research Center, becomes a key witness. Sandford masterfully handles both sides of the equation as the thieves—planner Lyle Mack, his brother, Joe, and their henchmen—work to cover their crime. The investigation belongs to Minneapolis deputy chief Marcy Sherrill, but Lucas of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension pulls out all the stops to protect his wife. Sandford creates additional drama throughout as Weather and a skilled team of doctors perform an operation to separate twins joined at the skull. Sharply drawn characters, intricate plotting, and smooth dialogue make this a sure-fire winner. 500,000 first printing; author tour. (May) Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. From It was an inside job, and it should have been easy. Rob the pharmacy at Minneapolis’ largest hospital: in, out, wait till things cool down, and then sell the drugs for a half million or so. But the old man had to be a hero. Who knew he’d be on blood thinners and die after he was kicked? A robbery turned murder means Lucas Davenport and his Bureau of Criminal Apprehension team are called in to assist the investigation. There’s another element to the case for Davenport: his wife, Weather, a surgeon at the hospital, may be able to identify one of the killers. The case starts to escalate. An attempt is made on Weather’s life. The bodies of two motorcycle gang members are found in a rural area. Davenport guesses the gang is imploding from the pressure and murdering its members. Weather, under 24-hour guard, is part of a surgical team working to separate conjoined twins in a procedure that’s captured the attention of the world’s media. Meanwhile, Davenport and his team keep finding bodies of likely robbers but can’t seem to isolate either the brains behind the theft or the hospital insider who pointed them at the pharmacy. The twenty-second Prey novel includes most of the elements readers expect: sharp plot, snappy dialogue, and believable action, but the background playfulness and gallows humor that usually fill in the gaps are in short supply. But hey, that’s nitpicking. On balance, this is another fine entry in a wildly popular series. --Wes Lukowsky

Cover 1 Half-title 3 Series-title 4 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Preface 9 Chapter 1 Background 11 1 Virgil in the light of his time 11 2 Life of Virgil 17 3 The Eclogues 20 4 The Georgics 25 5 Metrical unity and continuity 29 Chapter 2 Virgil and Homer 33 6 ‘Arms and the man’ 33 7 The Aeneas Legend 34 8 The ‘Odyssean’ Aeneid 36 9 The ‘Iliadic’ Aeneid 40 Chapter 3 Reading the Aeneid 44 10 The text 44 11 The story 46 12 Structure 50 13 Expression and sensibility 57 14 Narrative technique 73 15 The world of the dead 81 16 Father-figures 89 17 Juno 93 18 War and heroism 97 19 Fate and free will 100 20 Conclusions 104 Chapter 4 The after-life of the Aeneid 107 21 Influence and reputation 107 22 Virgil and Dante 108 23 Virgil and renaissance epic 110 24 Virgil and romanticism 112 Appendix Principal characters of the poem 114 Guide to further reading 117 1. Editions and commentaries 117 2. Translations 117 3. Collections of articles, surveys, bibliography 118 4. Background 118 5. Current interpretations 119 6. Reception 120

Cover 1 The Focus Vergil Aeneid Commentaries 4 Title page 5 Copyright page 6 Table of Contents 7 Preface 9 Contributors’ Information 11 General Introduction 13 Vergil’s lifetime and poetry 14 Vergil and his predecessors 19 The Tradition of Aeneas 23 Major themes 25 Contemporary interpretation 28 The textual tradition of the Aeneid 35 The Latin text 37 AENEIDOS: The Latin text 41 Liber Primus 41 Liber Secundus 63 Liber Tertius 85 Liber Quartus 105 Liber Quintus 125 Liber Sextus 149 Commentary 179 Abbreviations 173 Aeneid 1 179 Aeneid 2 233 Aeneid 3 283 Aeneid 4 335 Aeneid 5 379 Aeneid 6 425 Appendix: Vergil’s Meter 475 Glossary 481 Works Cited 497 GENERAL INDEX 521 Back cover 536

THE ANCIENT LIVES OF VIRGIL 2 CONTENTS 6 PREFACE 8 INTRODUCTION 10 1 BETWEEN BIOGRAPHY AND COMMENTARY: THE ANCIENT HORIZON OF EXPECTATION OF VSD 16 2 FASHIONING THE POET: BIOGRAPHY, PSEUDEPIGRAPHY AND TEXTUAL CRITICISM1 44 3 BIOGRAPHY AND VIRGIL’S EPITAPH 66 4 THE VITA PHOCAE: LITERARY CONTEXT AND TEXTURE 88 5 LARGER THAN LIFE: THE ELEVATION OF VIRGIL IN PHOCAS’ VITA VERGILIANA 108 6 CAMEO ROLES: VIRGIL IN OVIDIAN BIOGRAPHY 130 7 THE VITA DONATI IN THE MIDDLE AGES 148 8 THE HISTORICAL TRUTH OF VERGIL’S RECITATION OF THE GEORGICS AT ATELLA (VSD § 27) 168 9 SINNING AGAINST PHILOLOGY? METHOD AND THE SUETONIAN-DONATAN LIFE OF VIRGIL 188 INDEX 214

Front Cover 1 I 15 II 325

Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Preface 9 Introduction 11 1. Historical background 11 2. Virgil’s life and writings 13 3. Virgil and his predecessors 14 4. The Aeneid as a poem 15 5. Summary of the Aeneid 16 6.The Sixth Book 22 7. Metre 32 8. Virgil’s use of metre and language 36 9. Metre and syntax 40 10. Metrical rarities 41 Some reading 41 Notes 42 Aeneid VI: The Latin Text 45 Notes on the Text 73 Appendix: Virgil, Ennius, Lucretius 189 Index 1: Literary, grammatical and metrical terms 193 Index 2: Names in the text 196 Index 3: Other names 202 Vocabulary 205 Abbreviations 233

ONIX Description Virgil's great lyrics, rendered by the acclaimed translator of Gilgamesh The Eclogues of Virgil gave definitive form to the pastoral mode, and these magically beautiful poems, which were influential in so much subsequent literature, perhaps best exemplify what pastoral can do. "Song replying to song replying to song," touchingly comic, poignantly sad, sublimely joyful, the various music that these shepherds make echoes in scenes of repose and harmony, and of hardship and trouble in work and love. Available in ebook for the first time, this English-only edition of The Eclogues of Virgil includes concise, informative notes and an introduction that describes the fundamental role of this deeply original book in the pastoral tradition.

Au-delà du système solaire, le Fureteur se livre depuis des années à une mission d'exploration interplanétaire. Il transporte dans ses flancs plusieurs équipes de savants et, parmi eux, des psychologues chargés de comprendre la nature des civilisations extraterrestres et d'établir un contact s'ils le jugent possible.Soudain, au coeur d'un désert d'étoiles, l'astronef rencontre Ixtl. La créature flotte depuis des milliers d'années dans une nuit sans limites, cherchant obstinément la source d'énergie qui lui rendra ses terribles pouvoirs. Pour son malheur, le Fureteur a attisé sa convoitise.Publié en 1952 et immédiatement érigé en classique, La faune de l'espace constitue l'un des jalons de l'Âge d'or de la science-fiction américaine.http://www.amazon.fr/faune-lespace-Van-Vogt/dp/2290036773

Oui, c'est fait ! Enfin, après des milliers d'années, l'humanité a réussi à créer l'Utopie idéale. Maintenant, le monde est peuplé de « pseudo-hommes », des êtres créés biologiquement à partir de diverses espèces animales. Et ils sont des milliers, libres de rêver, de philosopher, de faire n'importe quoi... de tout, sauf de leur corps...Mais il reste Modyun - le rescapé ! Modyun qui décide brusquement de précipiter « la bataille de l'éternité ».

Etrange machine, en vérité. Etrange machine, dont dépendait la paix dans toutes les planètes de l'univers. Jim Pendrake, son inventeur, n'avait pas encore compris l'étendue de ses pouvoirs. mais les autres avaient compris, et, à leur manière - passablement brutale - ils essayèrent de s'en emparer. Les autres. Des personnes déplacées, venues de tous les coins du temps. Des gens issus de siècles variés, et qui n'avaient qu'un point commun : ils se pliaient à la loi des plus primitifs d'entre eux. Quand la machine disparut, il n'y avait qu'une chose à faire : l'oublier. Mais Jim pensait que cette énigme était la clef de son avenir. Il était loin de se douter que sa quête l'entraînerait jusqu'aux limites de l'univers.

Quatrième de couvertureSteven Masters était prétentieux, lâche, menteur et persuadé de sa supériorité. Il avait pourtant été contraint de participer à une expédition sur la planète Mittend. Là, les complexes organismes dominés par la Mère tentèrent de s'emparer de lui ; mais en une fraction de seconde, son esprit fut transféré, depuis le monde lointain jusque sur la Terre, dans le corps de Marc Broehm. Comment Steven allait-il se faire reconnaître sous cette nouvelle enveloppe charnelle ? Comment, surtout, allait-il recouvrer son corps abandonné sur Mittend ? C'est alors que le phénomène de transfert va se reproduire et le transformer en un homme multiplié, aux pouvoirs presque infinis.

From Publishers Weekly Starred Review. Princeton scholar Fagles follows up his celebrated Iliad and Odyssey with a new, fast-moving, readable rendition of the national epic of ancient Rome. Virgil's long-renowned narrative follows the Trojan warrior Aeneas as he carries his family from his besieged, fallen home, stops in Carthage for a doomed love affair, visits the underworld and founds in Italy, through difficult combat, the settlements that will become, first the Roman republic, and then the empire Virgil knew. Recent translators (such as Allen Mandelbaum) put Virgil's meters into English blank verse. Fagles chooses to forgo meter entirely, which lets him stay literal when he wishes, and grow eloquent when he wants: "Aeneas flies ahead, spurring his dark ranks on and storming/ over the open fields like a cloudburst wiping out the sun." A substantial preface from the eminent classicist Bernard Knox discusses Virgil's place in history, while Fagles himself appends a postscript and notes. Scholars still debate whether Virgil supported or critiqued the empire's expansion; Aeneas' story might prompt new reflection now, when Americans are already thinking about international conflict and the unexpected costs of war. (Nov.) Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. From The New Yorker Fagles's new version of Virgil's epic delicately melds the stately rhythms of the original to a contemporary cadence. Having previously produced well-received translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey, he illuminates the poem's Homeric echoes while remaining faithful to Virgil's distinctive voice. Pious Aeneas, passionate Dido, and raging Turnus are driven by the desires and rivalries of the gods-but even the gods recognize their obeisance to fate, and to the foretold Roman Empire that will produce Augustus, Virgil's patron. The excellent introduction, by Bernard Knox, gives historical and literary context, and both Knox and Fagles convincingly argue the epic's continuing relevance. Fagles, writing of Virgil's sense of "the price of empire," notes that "it seems to be a price we keep on paying, in the loss of blood and treasure, time-worn faith and hard-won hope, down to the present day." Copyright © 2006 Click here to subscribe to The New Yorker European Literary Fiction From Publishers Weekly Starred Review. Princeton scholar Fagles follows up his celebrated Iliad and Odyssey with a new, fast-moving, readable rendition of the national epic of ancient Rome. Virgil's long-renowned narrative follows the Trojan warrior Aeneas as he carries his family from his besieged, fallen home, stops in Carthage for a doomed love affair, visits the underworld and founds in Italy, through difficult combat, the settlements that will become, first the Roman republic, and then the empire Virgil knew. Recent translators (such as Allen Mandelbaum) put Virgil's meters into English blank verse. Fagles chooses to forgo meter entirely, which lets him stay literal when he wishes, and grow eloquent when he wants: "Aeneas flies ahead, spurring his dark ranks on and storming/ over the open fields like a cloudburst wiping out the sun." A substantial preface from the eminent classicist Bernard Knox discusses Virgil's place in history, while Fagles himself appends a postscript and notes. Scholars still debate whether Virgil supported or critiqued the empire's expansion; Aeneas' story might prompt new reflection now, when Americans are already thinking about international conflict and the unexpected costs of war. (Nov.) Copyright 漏 Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. From The New Yorker Fagles's new version of Virgil's epic delicately melds the stately rhythms of the original to a contemporary cadence. Having previously produced well-received translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey, he illuminates the poem's Homeric echoes while remaining faithful to Virgil's distinctive voice. Pious Aeneas, passionate Dido, and raging Turnus are driven by the desires and rivalries of the gods-but even the gods recognize their obeisance to fate, and to the foretold Roman Empire that will produce Augustus, Virgil's patron. The excellent introduction, by Bernard Knox, gives historical and literary context, and both Knox and Fagles convincingly argue the epic's continuing relevance. Fagles, writing of Virgil's sense of "the price of empire," notes that "it seems to be a price we keep on paying, in the loss of blood and treasure, time-worn faith and hard-won hope, down to the present day." Copyright 漏 2006 Click here to subscribe to The New Yorker (as-gbk-encoding)