What is ‘Humpty-Dumptying’? Do ‘arguments from analogy’ ever stand up? How do I know when someone is using ‘Weasel words?’ What is a ‘Politician’s answer?’ What’s the difference between a ‘Red Herring’ and a ‘Straw Man?’ This superb book, now in its third edition, will help anyone who wants to argue well and think critically. Using witty and topical examples, this fully-updated new edition has many new entries including: * Charity, principle of * Lawyer’s Answer * Least Worst Option * Stonewalling * Sunk-Cost Fallacy * Tautology * Truism * Weasel Words * ‘You Would Say That Wouldn’t You’ Thinking From A to Z may not help you win every argument, but it will definitely give you the power to tell a good one from a bad one.

'Philosophy: The Basics deservedly remains the most recommended introduction to philosophy on the market. Warburton is patient, accurate and, above all, clear. There is no better short introduction to philosophy.' - Stephen Law, author of The Philosophy Gym Philosophy: The Basics gently eases the reader into the world of philosophy. Each chapter considers a key area of philosophy, explaining and exploring the basic ideas and themes including: Can you prove God exists? How do we know right from wrong? What are the limits of free speech? Do you know how science works? Is your mind different from your body? Can you define art? How should we treat non-human animals? For the fifth edition of this best-selling book, Nigel Warburton has added an entirely new chapter on animals, revised others and brought the further reading sections up to date. If you've ever asked 'what is philosophy?', or wondered whether the world is really the way you think it is, this is the book for you.

In Philosophy Bites Again, a brand new selection of interviews from the popular podcast, leading philosophers explore some of the major philosophical questions that affect us all. Both thought-provoking and engaging, the discussion ranges from pleasure, pain, and humour, to free will, the self, and the meaning of life.

__**‘Philosophy: The Basics deservedly remains the most recommended introduction to philosophy on the market. Warburton is patient, accurate and, above all, clear. There is no better short introduction to philosophy.’** - Stephen Law, author of The Philosophy Gym__ __Philosophy: The Basics__ gently eases the reader into the world of philosophy. Each chapter considers a key area of philosophy, explaining and exploring the basic ideas and themes including: * Can you prove God exists? * How do we know right from wrong? * What are the limits of free speech? * Do you know how science works? * Is your mind different from your body? * Can you define art? * How should we treat non-human animals? For the fifth edition of this best-selling book, Nigel Warburton has added an entirely new chapter on animals, revised others and brought the further reading sections up to date. If you’ve ever asked ‘what is philosophy?’, or wondered whether the world is really the way you think it is, this is the book for you.

This clear and thorough introduction provides students with the skills necessary to understand the main thinkers, texts and arguments of political philosophy and thought. Each chapter comprises a brief overview of a major political thinker, followed by an introduction to one or more of their most influential works and an introduction to key secondary readings.Key features include:* exercises* reading notes* guides for further readingThe book introduces and assesses: Machiavelli's Prince; Hobbes' Leviathan; Locke's Second Treatise on Government; Rousseau's Social Contract; Marx and Engels' German Ideology (Part 1); Mill's On Liberty and The Subjection of Women. Reading Political Philosophy requires no previous knowledge of philosophy or politics and is ideal for newcomers to political philosophy and political thought.ISBN : 9781134692378

For readers of E. H. Gombrich's A Little History of the World, an equally irresistible volume that brings history's greatest philosophers to life"A primer in human existence: philosophy has rarely seemed so lucid, so important, so worth doing and so easy to enter into. . . . A wonderful introduction for anyone who's ever felt curious about almost anything."—Sarah Bakewell, author of How To Live: A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer Philosophy begins with questions about the nature of reality and how we should live. These were the concerns of Socrates, who spent his days in the ancient Athenian marketplace asking awkward questions, disconcerting the people he met by showing them how little they genuinely understood. This engaging book introduces the great thinkers in Western philosophy and explores their most compelling ideas about the world and how best to live in it.In forty brief chapters, Nigel Warburton guides us on a chronological tour of the major ideas in the history of philosophy. He provides interesting and often quirky stories of the lives and deaths of thought-provoking philosophers from Socrates, who chose to die by hemlock poisoning rather than live on without the freedom to think for himself, to Peter Singer, who asks the disquieting philosophical and ethical questions that haunt our own times.Warburton not only makes philosophy accessible, he offers inspiration to think, argue, reason, and ask in the tradition of Socrates. A Little History of Philosophy presents the grand sweep of humanity's search for philosophical understanding and invites all to join in the discussion.

‘Philosophy: The Basics deservedly remains the most recommended introduction to philosophy on the market. Warburton is patient, accurate and, above all, clear. There is no better short introduction to philosophy.'- Stephen Law, author of The Philosophy GymPhilosophy: The Basics gently eases the reader into the world of philosophy. Each chapter considers a key area of philosophy, explaining and exploring the basic ideas and themes including: Can you prove God exists? How do we know right from wrong? What are the limits of free speech? Do you know how science works? Is your mind different from your body? Can you define art? How should we treat non-human animals? For the fifth edition of this best-selling book, Nigel Warburton has added an entirely new chapter on animals, revised others and brought the further reading sections up to date. If you've ever asked ‘what is philosophy?', or wondered whether the world is really the way you think it is, this is the book for you.

This clear and thorough introduction provides students with the skills necessary to understand the main thinkers, texts and arguments of political philosophy and thought. Each chapter comprises a brief overview of a major political thinker, followed by an introduction to one or more of their most influential works and an introduction to key secondary readings.Key features include:\* exercises\* reading notes\* guides for further readingThe book introduces and assesses: Machiavelli's __Prince__; Hobbes' __Leviathan__; Locke's __Second Treatise on Government__; Rousseau's __Social Contract__; Marx and Engels' __German Ideology__ (Part 1); Mill's __On Liberty and The Subjection of Women__. __Reading Political Philosophy__ requires no previous knowledge of philosophy or politics and is ideal for newcomers to political philosophy and political thought.

Nigel Warburton brings philosophy to life with an imaginative selection of philosophical writings on key topics. Philosophy: Basic Readings is the ideal introduction to some of the most accessible and thought-provoking pieces in philosophy, both contemporary and classic. The second edition of Philosophy: Basic Readings has been expanded to include new pieces in each major area of philosophy: What is philosophy? God right and wrong the external world science mind art. The readings in Philosophy: Basic Readings complement the chapters in Philosophy: The Basics.

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Philosophy Bites Back is the second book to come out of the hugely successful podcast Philosophy Bites. It presents a selection of lively interviews with leading philosophers of our time, who discuss the ideas and works of some of the most important thinkers in history. From the ancient classics of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, to the groundbreaking modern thought of Wittgenstein, Rawls, and Derrida, this volume spans over two and a half millennia of western philosophy and illuminates its most fascinating ideas. Philosophy Bites was set up in 2007 by David Edmonds and Nigel Warburton. It has had over 12 million downloads, and is listened to all over the world.

Nigel Warburton brings philosophy to life with an imaginative selection of philosophical writings on key topics. Philosophy: Basic Readings is the ideal introduction to some of the most accessible and thought-provoking pieces in philosophy, both contemporary and classic. The second edition of Philosophy: Basic Readings has been expanded to include new pieces in each major area of philosophy: · What is philosophy? · God · Right and wrong · The external world · Science · Mind · Art The readings in Philosophy: Basic Readings complement the chapters in Philosophy: The Basics (4th edition 2004).

"Philosophy: The Basics deservedly remains the most recommended introduction to philosophy on the market. Warburton is patient, accurate and, above all, clear. There is no better short introduction to philosophy."--Stephen Law, author of The Philosophy GymPhilosophy: The Basics gently eases the reader into the world of philosophy. Each chapter considers a key area of philosophy, explaining and exploring the basic ideas and themes including:Can you prove God exists?How do we know right from wrong?What are the limits of. Read more... Abstract: "Philosophy: The Basics deservedly remains the most recommended introduction to philosophy on the market. Warburton is patient, accurate and, above all, clear. There is no better short introduction to philosophy."--Stephen Law, author of The Philosophy GymPhilosophy: The Basics gently eases the reader into the world of philosophy. Each chapter considers a key area of philosophy, explaining and exploring the basic ideas and themes including:Can you prove God exists?How do we know right from wrong?What are the limits of

Review'Philosophy: The Basics deservedly remains the most recommended introductionto philosophy on the market. Warburton is patient, accurate and, above all, clear. There is no better short introduction to philosophy.' - Stephen LawProduct DescriptionNow in its fourth edition, Nigel Warburton's best-selling book gently eases the reader into the world of philosophy. Each chapter considers a key area of philosophy, explaining and exploring the basic ideas and themes including:what is philosophy?Can you prove God exists?Is there an afterlife?How do we know right from wrong?Should you ever break the law?Is the world really the way you think it is?How should we define Freedom of Speech?Do you know how science works?Is your mind different from your body?Can you define art? For the fourth edition, Warburton has added new sections to several chapters, revised others and brought the further reading sections up to date. If you've ever asked 'what is philosophy?', or wondered whether the world is really the way you think it is, this is the book for you.

<p><p><b>philosophy&#58; The Essential Study Guide </b>is A Compact And Straightforward Guide To The Skills Needed To Study Philosophy, Aimed At Anyone Coming To The Subject For The First Time Or Just Looking To Improve Their Performance. Nigel Warburton Clarifies What Is Expected Of Students And Offers Strategies And Guidance To Help Them Make Effective Use Of Their Study Time And Improve Their Marks.<p>the Four Main Skills Covered By The Book Are&#58;<p>reading Philosophy - Both Skimming And In-depth Analysis Of Historical And Contemporary Work, Understanding The Examples And Terminology Used<p>listening To Philosophy - Formal Lectures And Informal Classroom Teaching, Preparation, Picking Up On Arguments Used, Note Taking<p>discussing Philosophy - Arguing And Exploring, Asking Questions, Communicating In Concise And Understandable Ways<p>writing Philosophy - Planning And Researching Essays And Other Written Tasks, Thinking Up Original Examples, Avoiding Plagiarism</p>

Philosophy begins with questions about the nature of reality and how we should live. These were the concerns of Socrates, who spent his days in the ancient Athenian marketplace asking awkward questions, disconcerting the people he met by showing them how little they genuinely understood. This engaging book introduces the great thinkers in Western philosophy and explores their most compelling ideas about the world and how best to live in it. In forty brief chapters, Nigel Warburton guides us on a chronological tour of the major ideas in the history of philosophy. He provides interesting and often quirky stories of the lives and deaths of thought-provoking philosophers from Socrates, who chose to die by hemlock poisoning rather than live on without the freedom to think for himself, to Peter Singer, who asks the disquieting philosophical and ethical questions that haunt our own times. Warburton not only makes philosophy accessible, he offers inspiration to think, argue, reason, and ask in the tradition of Socrates. __A Little History of Philosophy__ presents the grand sweep of humanity's search for philosophical understanding and invites all to join in the discussion

This is one of the best books for teaching or learning beginning philosophy. It breaks down and explains arguments for several different major philosophical questions. The writing style, unlike most original source philosophy texts, is incredibly easy to understand. I'd recommend it to anyone just starting philosophy, or even those who have had a previous philosophy course and would like to refresh their memories. At the end of most sections, a short list of further readings is suggested as well.

Philosophy Bites Again is a brand new selection of interviews from the popular podcast of the same name. It offers engaging and thought-provoking conversations with leading philosophers on a selection of major philosophical issues that affect our lives. Their subjects include pleasure, pain, and humour; consciousness and the self; free will, responsibility, and punishment; the meaning of life and the afterlife. Everyone will find ideas in this book tofascinate, provoke, and inspire them.Philosophy Bites was set up in 2007 by David Edmonds and Nigel Warburton. It has, to date, over 20 million downloads, and is listened to all over the world. About the Author David Edmonds is an award-winning documentary maker for the BBC World Service. He is the author or co-author (with John Eidinow) of several books, including Wittgenstein's Poker (short-listed for the Guardian First Book Award), Bobby Fischer Goes To War (long-listed for the Samuel Johnson prize),and Rousseau's Dog (about the relationship between Jean-Jacques Rousseau and David Hume). He is currently a Research Associate at the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at Oxford University and an Associate Editor for Prospect Magazine.Nigel Warburton is a freelance philosopher, podcaster, and writer. His books include A Little History of Philosophy, Philosophy: the Basics, Thinking from A to Z, Philosophy: the Classics, The Art Question, and Free Speech: A Very Short Introduction. He runs several weblogs includingvirtualphilosopher.com and artandallusion.com, and tweets regularly at @philosophybites.

Two philosophers behind a popular podcast present a second volume of conversations with leaders in the field on a variety of topics including free will, responsibility and punishment; pleasure, pain and humor; and the meaning of life and the afterlife.

<p>spanning 170 Years, From William Henry Fox Talbot S First Negative To Jeff Wall S Latest Constructed Tableau, Singular Images Collects Thought-provoking Essays On Individual Photographs, One Image Per Writer. The Essayists Consider, Sometimes In Highly Personal Ways, The Artist S Intention, Their Own Response, The Work S Technical Complexities, Its Historical Context Or Its Formal Properties. Each Captures A Sense Of How Challenging It Is To Create A Perfect Single Piece.art Photography Has Been Increasingly Well Surveyed In Recent Years, But Individual Works Have Rarely Been Written About At Length, Perhaps Because Of Lingering Doubt That A Single Photograph Can Command The Kind Of Sustained Attention Often Given To Individual Paintings Or Sculptures. Singular Images Is A Lively Inquiry Into The Value Of Analyzing Individual Photographs, And It Is Persuasive In Encouraging The Reader To Engage At Length And In Depth With One Remarkable Piece At A Time. With Its Broad Scope And Diverse Range Of Issues, It Can Also Be Read As An Informal--and Thoroughly Entertaining--introduction To Art Photography. Features Essays By Some Of The Most Brilliant Critical Minds In The Field, Including Darsie Alexander On Nan Goldin, David Campany On Man Ray And Marcel Duchamp And Liz Jobey On Diane Arbus.</p>

Plato : The Republic -- Aristotle : Nicomachean Ethics -- Boethius : The Consolation Of Philosophy -- Niccolò Machiavelli : The Prince -- René Descartes : Meditations -- Thomas Hobbes : Leviathan -- Baruch De Spinoza : Ethics -- John Locke : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding -- John Locke : Second Treatise Of Government -- David Hume : An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding -- David Hume : Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion -- Jean-jacques Rousseau : The Social Contract -- Immanuel Kant : Groundwork Of The Metaphysic Of Morals -- Arthur Schppenhauer : The World As Will And Idea -- John Stuart Mill : On Liberty -- John Stuart Mill : Utilitarianism -- Søren Kierkegaard : Either/or -- Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels : The German Ideology, Part One -- Friedrich Nietzsche : On The Genealogy Of Morality -- A.j. Ayer : Language, Truth And Logic -- Jean-paul Sartre : Being And Nothingness -- Ludwig Wittgenstein : Philosophical Investigations -- John Rawls : A Theory Of Justice. Nigel Warburton. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.

Philosophy Bites Back is the second book to come out of the hugely successful podcast Philosophy Bites. It presents a selection of lively interviews with leading philosophers of our time, who discuss the ideas and works of some of the most important thinkers in history. From the ancient classics of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, to the groundbreaking modern thought of Wittgenstein, Rawls, and Derrida, this volume spans over two and a half millennia of western philosophy and illuminates its most fascinating ideas. Philosophy Bites was set up in 2007 by David Edmonds and Nigel Warburton. It has had over 12 million downloads, and is listened to all over the world.

The second edition of this best-seller includes four entirely new chapters on classics by Boethius, Machiavelli, Spinoza and Rawls. In his inimitable style, Nigel Warburton takes us on a guided tour through philosophy's greatest works, from Plato's Republic to Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. Each chapter explores a key classic text, identifying and explaining core themes as well as subjecting them to critical scrutiny.These classic texts deal with problems that are as important today as when they were written, and Philosophy: The Classics offers an accessible introduction for all those who hesitated to approach them - until now.

1. The Republic / Plato -- 2. Nicomachean Ethics / Aristotle -- 3. Meditations / Rene Descartes -- 4. Leviathan / Thomas Hobbes -- 5. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding / John Locke -- 6. Second Treatise Of Government / John Locke -- 7. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding / David Hume -- 8. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion / David Hume -- 9. The Social Contract / Jean-jacques Rousseau -- 10. Critique Of Pure Reason / Immanuel Kant -- 11. Groundwork Of The Metaphysic Of Morals / Immanuel Kant -- 12. The World As Will And Idea / Arthur Schopenhauer -- 13. On Liberty / John Stuart Mill -- 14. Utilitarianism / John Stuart Mill -- 15. Either/or / Soren Kierkegaard -- 16. The German Ideology, Part One / Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels -- 17. On The Genealogy Of Morality / Friedrich Nietzsche -- 18. Language, Truth And Logic / A. J. Ayer -- 19. Being And Nothingness / Jean-paul Sartre -- 20. Philosophical Investigations / Ludwig Wittgenstein. Nigel Warburton. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.

Now in its fourth edition, __Philosophy: The Classics__ is a brisk and invigorating tour through the great books of western philosophy. In his exemplary clear style, Nigel Warburton introduces and assesses thirty-two philosophical classics from Plato’s __Republic__ to Rawls’ __A Theory of Justice__. The fourth edition includes new material on: * Montaigne __Essays__ * Thomas Paine __Rights of Man__ * R.G. Collingwood __The Principles of Art__ * Karl Popper __The Open Society and Its Enemies__ * Thomas Kuhn __The Structure of Scientific Revolutions__ With a glossary and suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter, this is an ideal starting point for anyone interested in philosophy.

Philosophy Bites Again is a brand new selection of interviews from the popular podcast of the same name. It offers engaging and thought-provoking conversations with leading philosophers on a selection of major philosophical issues that affect our lives. Their subjects include pleasure, pain, and humour; consciousness and the self; free will, responsibility, and punishment; the meaning of life and the afterlife. Everyone will find ideas in this book tofascinate, provoke, and inspire them.Philosophy Bites was set up in 2007 by David Edmonds and Nigel Warburton. It has, to date, over 20 million downloads, and is listened to all over the world. About the Author David Edmonds is an award-winning documentary maker for the BBC World Service. He is the author or co-author (with John Eidinow) of several books, including Wittgenstein's Poker (short-listed for the Guardian First Book Award), Bobby Fischer Goes To War (long-listed for the Samuel Johnson prize),and Rousseau's Dog (about the relationship between Jean-Jacques Rousseau and David Hume). He is currently a Research Associate at the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at Oxford University and an Associate Editor for Prospect Magazine.Nigel Warburton is a freelance philosopher, podcaster, and writer. His books include A Little History of Philosophy, Philosophy: the Basics, Thinking from A to Z, Philosophy: the Classics, The Art Question, and Free Speech: A Very Short Introduction. He runs several weblogs includingvirtualphilosopher.com and artandallusion.com, and tweets regularly at @philosophybites.

First published in 1987. Often the best known and most memorable passages in Shakespeare's plays, the soliloquies, also tend to be the focal points in the drama. Twenty-seven soliloquies are examined in this work, illustrating how the spectator or reader is led to the soliloquy and how the drama is continued afterwards. The detailed structure of each soliloquy is discussed, as well as examining them within the structure of the entire play - thereby extending the interpretation of the work as a whole.

Philosophy: The Essential Study Guide is a compact and straightforward guide to the skills needed to study philosophy, aimed at anyone coming to the subject for the first time or just looking to improve their performance. Nigel Warburton clarifies what is expected of students and offers strategies and guidance to help them make effective use of their study time and improve their marks. The four main skills covered by the book are: reading philosophy - both skimming and in-depth analysis of historical and contemporary work, understanding the examples and terminology used listening to philosophy - formal lectures and informal classroom teaching, preparation, picking up on arguments used, note taking discussing philosophy - arguing and exploring, asking questions, communicating in concise and understandable ways writing philosophy - planning and researching essays and other written tasks, thinking up original examples, avoiding plagiarism.

Provides an introduction and assessment of twenty-seven philosophical classics, from Plato's "Republic" to Rawls' "A Theory of Justice". This book covers all the A Level set texts, including chapters on Nietzsche's "Beyond Good and Evil", Russell's "The Problems of Philosophy" and Sartre's "Existentialism and Humanism."

__Philosophy Bites Again__ is a brand new selection of interviews from the popular podcast of the same name. It offers engaging and thought-provoking conversations with leading philosophers on a selection of major philosophical issues that affect our lives. Their subjects include pleasure, pain, and humor; consciousness and the self; free will, responsibility, and punishment; the meaning of life and the afterlife. Everyone will find ideas in this book to fascinate, provoke, and inspire them. The Philosophy Bites podcast was set up in 2007 by David Edmonds and Nigel Warburton. It has, to date, over 20 million downloads, and is listened to all over the world

If an artist sends a live peacock to an exhibition, is it art?'What is art?' is a question many of us want answered but are too afraid to ask. It is the very question that Nigel Warburton demystifies in this brilliant and accessible little book. With the help of varied illustrations and photographs, from Cézanne and Francis Bacon to Andy Warhol and Damien Hirst, best-selling author Warburton brings a philosopher's eye to art in a refreshing jargon-free style.With customary clarity, he explains art theories, that are much discussed but little understood, by thinkers such as Clive Bell, R.G Collingwood and Wittgenstein. He illuminates other perplexing problems in art, such as the artist's intention, representation and emotion. Drawing on photographs of Cindy Sherman and Tiananmen Square, Warburton shows that, if we are ever to answer the art question, we must consider each work of art on its own terms.A stimulating and handy guide through the art maze, The Art Question is essential reading for anyone interested in art, philosophy or those who simply like looking at and thinking about pictures.

This introduction to the arguments about individual freedom is ideal for newcomers to philosophy or political thought. Each chapter considers a fundamental argument about the scope of individual freedom, including the concepts of negative and positive freedom, freedom of belief, the Harm Principle, and freedom of speech and expression. Each argument is then clearly linked to a reading from key thinkers on each of these Isaiah Berlin, Jeremy Waldron, Jonathan Wolff, Bernard Williams, Ronald Dworkin, H.L.A. Hart and Charles Taylor. Key features include clear activities and discussion points, chapter summaries, and guides to further reading. ^Freedom will be of interest to students of philosophy, politics and critical thinking.

Being able to spot poor reasoning and diversionary ploys will put more clout behind your arguments and sharpen your thinking. This book will give you the power to tell a good from a bad argument. Using witty and topical examples, Nigel Warburton will enable you to distinguish with confidence between a Red Herring and a Straw Man. For everyone who wants to refine their arguments, Thinking from A to Z is an indispensable reference tool, as well as being an irresistible guide to dip into.

This introduction to the arguments about individual freedom is ideal for newcomers to philosophy or political thought. Each chapter considers a fundamental argument about the scope of individual freedom, including the concepts of negative and positive freedom, freedom of belief, the Harm Principle, and freedom of speech and expression. Each argument is then clearly linked to a reading from key thinkers on each of these problems: Isaiah Berlin, Jeremy Waldron, Jonathan Wolff, Bernard Williams, Ronald Dworkin, H.L.A. Hart and Charles Taylor. Key features include clear activities and discussion points, chapter summaries, and guides to further reading. ^Freedom will be of interest to students of philosophy, politics and critical thinking.

For readers of E. H. Gombrich's __A Little History of the World__, an equally irresistible volume that brings history's greatest philosophers to life

<p><p>voltaire's Comment&#151;i Disapprove Of What You Say, But I Will Defend To The Death Your Right To Say It&#151;is Frequently Quoted By Defenders Of Free Speech. Yet It Is Rare To Find Someone Prepared To Defend <b>all</b> Freedom Of Speech, Especially If The Views Expressed Are Obnoxious Or Obviously False. So Where Do We Draw The Line? How Important Is Our Right To Freedom Of Speech? In This Accessible And Up-to-date Very Short Introduction, Nigel Warburton Covers A Wide Range Of Controversial Free-speech Issues, From Holocaust Denial And Pornography To The Status Of Modern Copyright Law. The Book Offers A Concise Guide To Many Of The Vexing Issues Concerning Our Right To Speak Freely, Including&#58; Should A Civilized Society Set Limits On Freedom Of Speech? How Can We Balance Free Speech With The Sensitivities Of Religious And Minority Groups? How Have Digital Technology And The Internet Changed The Debate?</p>

1. Free Speech; 2. A Free Market in Ideas?; 3. Giving and Taking Offence; 4. Censoring Pornography; 5. Free Speech in the Age of the Internet; 6. Conclusion: The Future of Free;'I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it' This slogan, attributed to Voltaire, is frequently quoted by defenders of free speech. Yet it is rare to find anyone prepared to defend all expression in every circumstance, especially if the views expressed incite violence. So where do the limits lie? What is the real value of free speech? Here, Nigel Warburton offers a concise guide to important questions facing modern society about the value and limits of free speech: Where should a civilized society draw the line? Should we be free to offend other people's religion? Are there good grounds for censoring pornography? Has the Internet changed everything? This Very Short Introduction is a thought-provoking, accessible, and up-to-date examination of the liberal assumption that free speech is worth preserving at any cost

Take 25 of the liveliest philosophers of our time. Talk to each about one of the most intriguing topics you can think of--from ethics to aesthetics to metaphysics. The result is a Philosophy Bite--a lively, informal conversation that brings the subject into focus. First made public on the enormously popular Philosophy Bites podcast, these entertaining, personal, and illuminating conversations are presented in print. The result is a book that is a taster for the whole enterprise of philosophy, and gives unexpected insights into hot topics spanning ethics, politics, metaphysics, aesthetics, and the meaning of life.

If there is a God, he is infinitely beyond our comprehension, since, being indivisible and without limits, he bears no relation to us.

Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 5 Copyright Page 6 Dedication 8 Table of Contents 9 Acknowledgements 29 Introduction 31 1. Plato The Republic 36 The Cave 36 Plato and Socrates 37 Thrasymachus and Glaucon 38 Individual and state 39 Divison of labour 40 Rulers, Auxiliaries and Workers 41 Role of women 42 The myth of the metals 42 The just state and the just individual 43 The three parts of the soul 44 Philosopher kings 45 The theory of Forms 46 Examples of injustice 48 Against art 48 Criticisms of The Republic 50 Dates 52 Glossary 53 Further reading 54 2. Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics 56 Eudaimonia: a happy life 57 The function of a human being 60 The virtues 61 The Golden Mean 62 Action and culpability 63 Akrasia: weakness of will 65 The contemplative life 66 Criticisms of the Nicomachean Ethics 67 Dates 70 Glossary 71 Further reading 71 3. Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy 74 Philosophy 75 Chance and happiness 76 Evil and reward 77 God and free will 77 Criticism of The Consolation of Philosophy 79 Dates 80 Glossary 80 Further reading 81 4. Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince 83 Human nature 84 Virtù 85 Cesare Borgia versus Agathocles 87 Interpretations of The Prince 87 Criticisms of The Prince 90 Dates 91 Glossary 92 Further reading 92 5. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne Essays 95 Who was Montaigne? 97 Scepticism 97 Stoicism 98 On death 98 Other themes 100 Criticism of Montaigne’s Essays 100 Dates 101 Glossary 101 Further reading 102 6. René Descartes Meditations 104 Cartesian Doubt 105 The evidence of the senses 106 The evil demon 107 The Cogito 108 Cartesian Dualism 109 The wax example 110 God 110 Beyond doubt 112 Criticisms of Meditations 114 Dates 118 Glossary 118 Further reading 120 7. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan 122 The state of nature 123 Laws of nature 125 The social contract 125 The sovereign 127 The prisoners’ dilemma 128 Criticisms of Leviathan 129 Dates 132 Glossary 133 Further reading 134 8. Baruch de Spinoza Ethics 136 The title 137 God and pantheism 137 Mind and body 138 Freedom and human bondage 139 Love of God 140 Criticisms of Ethics 141 Dates 142 Glossary 142 Further reading 143 9. John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 145 No innate principles 146 Ideas 148 Primary and secondary qualities 149 Personal identity 151 Language 154 Criticisms of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 155 Dates 158 Glossary 158 Further reading 159 10. John Locke Second Treatise of Government 162 First and Second Treatises 162 The state of nature and laws of nature 163 Property 165 Money 166 Civil society 167 Rebellion 169 Criticisms of Second Treatise of Government 169 Dates 171 Glossary 171 Further reading 172 11. David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 174 The origin of ideas 175 The association of ideas 177 Causation 178 Free will 180 Miracles 182 Hume’s Fork 184 Criticisms of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 184 Dates 185 Glossary 186 Further reading 186 12. David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 189 The characters 190 The Design Argument 191 Criticisms of the Design Argument 192 The First Cause Argument 197 Was Hume an atheist? 197 Dates 198 Glossary 198 Further reading 200 13. Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract 202 Social contract 202 The general will 204 Freedom 205 The legislator 205 Government 206 Three types of government 206 Criticisms of The Social Contract 208 Dates 209 Glossary 210 Further reading 210 14. Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason 213 The synthetic a priori 214 Appearances and the thing-in-itself 216 Space/time 217 The categories 217 The transcendental deduction 218 Criticism of the Critique of Pure Reason 219 Dates 220 Glossary 220 Further reading 221 15. Immanuel Kant Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals 224 The good will 224 Duty and inclination 225 Maxims 226 The categorical imperative 227 Kant, Aristotle and Mill 229 Criticisms of The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals 230 Dates 232 Glossary 233 Further reading 233 16. Thomas Paine Rights of Man 236 Common Sense 237 Rights of Man 238 Criticisms of Rights of Man 241 Dates 243 Glossary 243 Further reading 243 17. Arthur Schopenhauer The World as Will and Idea 246 The world as idea 246 The world as will 247 Art 248 Music 250 Free will 251 Suffering and salvation 251 Criticisms of The World as Will and Idea 252 Dates 254 Glossary 254 Further reading 255 18. John Stuart Mill On Liberty 257 Authorship 257 The Harm Principle 258 Freedom of speech 261 Criticisms of On Liberty 263 Dates 269 Glossary 269 Further reading 270 19. John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism 273 Bentham’s utilitarianism 273 Mill on higher and lower pleasures 275 The ‘proof’ of utilitarianism 276 Criticisms of Utilitarianism 277 Dates 281 Glossary 281 Further reading 282 20. Søren Kierkegaard Either/Or 284 Pseudonymous authorship 284 Either 285 The aesthetic approach to life 286 Crop Rotation 286 ‘The Seducer’s Diary’ 287 The ethical approach to life 289 Readings of Either/Or 289 Criticisms of Either/Or 292 Dates 293 Glossary 293 Further reading 294 21. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The German Ideology, Part One 297 Historical materialism 298 Division of labour 299 Ideology 300 Revolution 301 Criticisms of The German Ideology 301 Dates 304 Glossary 305 Further reading 305 22. Friedrich Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil 308 The title 310 The Will to Power 310 On the prejudices of philosophers 311 Truth 311 Unconscious drives 313 Religion 313 Criticisms of Beyond Good and Evil 313 Dates 316 Glossary 316 Further reading 316 23. Friedrich Nietzsche On the Genealogy of Morality 319 Genealogy 320 First essay: ‘good and evil’ and ‘good and bad’ 321 Ressentiment 322 Second essay: conscience 323 Third essay: asceticism 324 Criticisms of On the Genealogy of Morality 325 Dates 328 Glossary 328 Further reading 329 24. Bertrand Russell The Problems of Philosophy 331 The title 332 What is philosophy? 332 Appearance and reality 334 Knowledge by acquaintance and by description 336 The a priori 337 Induction 337 Criticisms of The Problems of Philosophy 338 Dates 340 Glossary 340 Further reading 340 25. A. J. Ayer Language, Truth and Logic 343 The Verification Principle 343 Strong and weak senses of ‘verifiability’ 347 Metaphysics and poetry 348 Philosophy 349 The problem of induction 349 Mathematics 351 Ethics 352 Religion 354 Criticisms of Language, Truth and Logic 355 Dates 357 Glossary 358 Further reading 358 26. R.G. Collingwood The Principles of Art 361 Who was R.G. Collingwood? 362 The technical theory of art 362 But doesn’t art involve craft? 363 Art so-called 364 Art proper 365 Criticisms of Collingwood’s theory of art 367 Dates 368 Glossary 368 Further reading 369 27. Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness 372 Phenomenological approach 372 Being 373 Nothingness 374 Freedom 375 Bad faith 375 Critique of Freud 379 Shame 380 Love 381 My death 382 Existential psychoanalysis 382 Criticisms of Being and Nothingness 383 Dates 384 Glossary 385 Further reading 385 28. Jean-Paul Sartre Existentialism and Humanism 388 What is existentialism? 388 What is humanism? 390 Answering his critics 390 Abandonment 391 Anguish 392 Despair 394 Sartre’s pupil 395 Criticisms of Existentialism and Humanism 396 Dates 399 Glossary 399 Further reading 400 29. Karl Popper The Open Society and Its Enemies 402 What did Popper mean by an open society? 404 Plato’s totalitarian tendencies 404 Hegel’s historicism 405 Marx 406 Criticism of The Open Society and Its Enemies 406 Dates 407 Glossary 407 Further reading 407 30. Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophical Investigations 410 Relation to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 410 The nature of philosophy 411 Meaning as use 412 Family resemblance terms 414 The Private Language Argument 415 Seeing aspects 418 Criticisms of Philosophical Investigations 419 Dates 421 Glossary 421 Further reading 422 31. Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 424 What Kuhn was arguing against 425 Normal science and revolutions 426 Paradigm shifts transform what can be observed 428 Criticisms of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 430 Dates 431 Glossary 431 Further reading 433 32. John Rawls A Theory of Justice 435 The original position 435 The liberty principle 437 The fair equality of opportunity principle and the difference principle 438 Criticisms of A Theory of Justice 439 Dates 443 Glossary 443 Further reading 444 Index (including key concepts) 446 EBC,Converted

Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Contents 8 Acknowledgements 9 Introduction 10 Thinking from A to Z 14

1. Plato The Republic -- 2. Aristotle Nicomachean ethics -- 3. Boethius The consolation of philosophy -- 4. Niccolò Machiavelli The prince -- 5. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne Essays -- 6. René Descartes Meditations -- 7. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan -- 8. Baruch de Spinoza Ethics -- 9. John Locke An essay concerning human understanding -- 10. John Locke Second treatise of government -- 11. David Hume An enquiry concerning human understanding -- 12. David Hume Dialogues concerning natural religion -- 13. Jean-Jacques Rousseau The social contract -- 14. Immanuel Kant Critique of pure reason -- 15. Immanuel Kant Ground work of the metaphysic of morals -- 16. Thomas Paine Rights of man -- 17. Arthur Schopenhauer The world as will and idea -- 18. John Stuart Mill On liberty -- 19. John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism -- 20. Søren Kierkegaard Either/or -- 21. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The German ideology, part one -- 22. Friedrich Nietzsche Beyond good and evil -- 23. Friedrich Nietzsche On the genealogy of morality -- 24. Bertrand Russell The problems of philosophy -- 25. A.J. Ayer Language, truth and logic -- 26. R.G. Collingwood The principles of art -- 27. Jean-Paul Sartre Being and nothingness -- 28. Jean-Paul Sartre Existentialism and humanism -- 29. Karl Popper The open society and its enemies -- 30. Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophical investigations -- 31. Thomas Kuhn The structure of scientific revolutions -- 32. John Rawls A theory of justice.