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Table of Contents Biomedical Photonics Handbook Vol I 1 1116_fm.pdf 1 Biomedical Photonics Handbook -1 Advisory Board 2 Preface 5 Acknowledgments 8 Editor-in-Chief 9 Contributors 10 Contents 18 1116_C01 23 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 23 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 1: Biomedical Photonics: A Revolution at the Interface of Science and Technology 23 1.1 Introduction 23 1.2 Biomedical Photonics: A Definition 24 1.3 Scientific and Technological Revolutions Shaping Biomedical Photonics 25 1.3.1 The Quantum Theory Revolution: A Historic Evolution of the Concept of Light 25 1.3.2 The Technology Revolution 30 1.3.2.1 The Laser 31 1.3.2.2 The Microchip 32 1.3.2.3 Nanotechnology 33 1.3.3 The Genomics Revolution 35 1.4 Conclusion 37 Acknowledgments 38 References 38 1116_C02 41 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 41 Table of Contents -1 Section I: Photonics and Tissue Optics 41 Chapter 2: Optical Properties of Tissue 42 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Fundamental Optical Properties 44 2.2.1 Refraction 44 2.2.1.1 Index of Refraction 44 2.2.1.2 Reflection and Refraction at an Interface 45 2.2.2 Scattering 46 2.2.2.1 Scattering at a Localized Inclusion 46 2.2.2.2 Rayleigh Limit 49 2.2.2.3 Mie Regime 49 2.2.3 Absorption 51 2.2.3.1 Absorption Processes 51 2.2.3.2 Absorption Cross Section and Coefficient 52 2.3 Light Transport in Tissue 53 2.3.1 Preliminaries to Radiation Transport Theory 54 2.3.1.1 Coherent and Incoherent Light 54 2.3.1.2 Multiple Scattering 56 2.3.2 The Radiation Transport Model 58 2.3.2.1 Basic Parameters 58 2.3.2.2 Scattering Phase Function 59 2.3.2.3 Radiation Transport Equation 60 2.3.3 Analytical Solutions for Limiting Cases 61 2.3.3.1 Incident and Diffuse Light 62 2.3.3.2 Absorption-Dominant Limit 63 2.3.3.3 Scattering-Dominant Limit: the Diffusion Approximation 66 2.3.4 Numerical Approach: Monte Carlo Simulations 71 2.3.5 Kubelka–Munk Model 72 2.3.6 Time-Resolved Propagation of Light Pulses 74 2.3.6.1 Effective Index of Refraction 74 2.4 Tissue Properties 77 2.4.1 Refractive Indices 77 2.4.2 Scattering Properties 77 2.4.3 Absorption Properties 79 2.4.3.1 The Therapeutic Window 79 2.4.3.2 Absorption Properties of Tissue Components 95 2.5 Conclusion 111 2.6 Summary 111 Acknowledgments 113 References 113 1116_C03 117 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 117 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 3: Light– Tissue Interactions 117 3.1 Introduction 117 3.2 Light Interactions with a Strongly Scattering Tissue 119 3.2.1 Continuous Wave (CW) Light 119 3.2.2 Polarized Light 122 3.2.3 Short Light Pulses 125 3.2.4 Diffuse Photon-Density Waves 127 3.3 Optothermal Interactions 127 3.3.1 Temperature Rise and Tissue Damage 127 3.3.2 Optothermal and Optoacoustic Effects 129 3.4 Refractive Index and Controlling of Light Interactions with Tissues 131 3.5 Fluorescence 133 3.5.1 Fundamentals and Methods 133 3.5.2 Multiphoton Fluorescence 134 3.6 Vibrational Energy States Excitation 134 3.7 Light Interaction with Eye Tissues 135 3.8 Formation of Speckles 136 3.9 Dynamic Light Scattering 138 3.9.1 Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering 138 3.9.2 Diffusion Wave Spectroscopy 138 Acknowledgment 139 References 139 1116_C04 143 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 143 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 4: Theoretical Models and Algorithms in Optical Diffusion Tomography 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Photon Transport in Tissue 146 4.3 Optical Diffusion Tomography 147 4.3.1 Classes of Inversion Algorithms 147 4.3.2 Analytical and Quasi-Analytical Methods 148 4.3.3 Nonlinear Iterative Methods 149 4.4 Algorithms for Imaging 149 4.4.1 An Explicit Solution Based on Diffraction Tomography 149 4.4.2 Nonlinear Iterative Algorithm: Frequency Domain Data 153 4.4.2.1 Finite Number of Parameters 156 4.4.2.2 Adding a Regularization Term 157 4.4.2.3 Example: Two-Dimensional Imaging of a Scattering Cross Section 158 4.4.3 Nonlinear Iterative Algorithm: Time-Resolved Data 159 4.5 Conclusion 161 Acknowledgments 162 References 162 1116_C05 167 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 167 Table of Contents -1 Section II: Photonic Devices 167 Chapter 5: Laser Light in Biomedicine and the Life Sciences: From the Present to the Future 168 5.1 Introduction 168 5.2 Laser–Biomatter Interaction 170 5.3 Laser Biomedical Macrodiagnostics 172 5.4 Spectral Biomedical Microdiagnostics 174 5.4.1 Spectral Resolution 174 5.4.2 Time Resolution 174 5.4.3 Sensitivity 175 5.4.4 Selectivity 175 5.4.5 Spatial Resolution 175 5.5 Laser Therapy 176 5.6 Laser Surgery 178 5.7 Conclusion 181 References 181 1116_C06 184 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 184 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 6: Basic Instrumentation in Photonics 184 6.1 Basic Spectrometer 184 6.1.1 Basic Apparatus 184 6.1.2 Instrument for Absorption Measurements 185 6.1.3 Instrument for Scattering Measurements 186 6.1.4 Instrument for Emission Measurements 186 6.2 Instrumental Components: General Considerations 188 6.2.1 Excitation Light Sources 188 6.2.1.1 High-Pressure Arc Lamps 188 6.2.1.2 Low-Pressure Vapor Lamps 189 6.2.1.3 Incandescent Lamps 189 6.2.1.4 Solid-State Light Sources 189 6.2.1.5 Lasers 189 6.2.1.5.1 General Properties of Lasers 190 6.2.1.5.2 Gas Lasers 190 6.2.1.5.3 Solid-State Lasers 191 6.2.1.5.4 Semiconductor Lasers 191 6.2.1.5.5 Tunable Dye Lasers 192 6.2.1.5.6 Tunable Lasers with Optical Parametric Oscillators 192 6.2.2 Optical Fibers and Dispersive Devices 192 6.2.2.1 Optical Filters 192 6.2.2.2 Monochromators 194 6.2.2.2.1 Prism Monochromators 194 6.2.2.2.2 Grating Monochromators 195 6.2.2.3 Tunable Filters 198 6.2.3 Optical Fibers 198 6.2.4 Polarizers 199 6.2.5 Detectors 200 6.2.5.1 Single-Channel Detectors 200 6.2.5.1.1 Photomultipliers 200 6.2.5.1.2 Photodiode and Avalanche Photodiode 202 6.2.5.1.3 Hybrid Detectors 203 6.2.5.2 Multichannel Detectors 203 6.2.5.2.1 Vidicons 203 6.2.5.2.2 Photodiode Array 204 6.2.5.2.3 Charge-Coupled Device 204 6.2.5.2.4 Other Solid-State Detectors 206 6.2.5.2.5 CMOS Array 206 6.2.5.2.6 Streak Cameras 206 6.2.6 Detection Methods 207 6.2.6.1 Direct Current Technique 207 6.2.6.2 Alternating Current Technique 207 6.2.6.3 Digital Photon Counting Technique 207 6.2.6.4 Time-Resolved and Phase-Resolved Detection Methods 208 6.2.6.4.1 Time-Resolved Detection 208 6.2.6.4.2 Phase-Resolved Detection 208 6.2.6.5 Multispectral Imaging 210 6.3 Conclusion 210 Acknowledgments 212 References 212 1116_C07 214 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 214 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 7: Optical Fibers and Waveguides for Medical Applications 214 7.1 Introduction 214 7.2 Theory 216 7.2.1 Solid-Core Optical Fibers 216 7.2.1.1 Fiber Basics 216 7.2.1.2 Ray Theory 216 7.2.1.3 Mode Propagation in Solid-Core Optical Fibers 217 7.2.1.4 Attenuation Mechanisms in Solid-Core Fibers 219 7.2.1.5 Reflection 219 7.2.1.6 Scattering 219 7.2.1.7 Absorption 219 7.2.1.8 Radiation 220 7.2.2 Hollow Waveguides 220 7.2.2.1 Hollow Waveguides Basics 220 7.2.2.2 Attenuation Mechanisms in Hollow Waveguides 220 7.2.2.3 Ray Theory 221 7.3 Multilayer Waveguides 223 7.4 X-Ray Waveguides 225 7.5 Coupling Devices 226 7.6 Distal Tips 228 7.7 Materials for Fabrication of Optical Fibers and Waveguides 228 7.7.1 Silica Fibers 228 7.7.2 Hollow Waveguides 230 7.8 Fibers for the IR Region 230 7.8.1 Glass Fibers 230 7.8.1.1 Fluoride-Based Glass 230 7.8.1.2 Chalcogenide Fibers 231 7.8.2 Crystalline Fibers 231 7.8.2.1 Single-Crystal Fibers 231 7.8.2.2 Polycrystalline Fibers 232 7.8.3 Liquid-Core Fibers 232 7.9 Conclusions 232 References 232 1116_C08 236 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 236 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 8: Biological Imaging Spectroscopy 236 8.1 Introduction 236 8.2 Spectral Image Cubes 237 8.3 Instruments 238 8.3.1 Spectral Scanning Instruments 240 8.3.1.1 Fixed Filters 240 8.3.1.2 Linear Variable Filters 240 8.3.1.3 Tunable Filters 241 8.3.2 Spatial Scanning Systems 244 8.3.2.1 Pushbroom 244 8.3.2.2 Interferometers 244 8.3.3 Other Approaches 245 8.3.3.1 Rotogram 245 8.3.3.2 Computed Tomographic Imaging Spectrometer (CTIS) 246 8.3.3.3 Hadamard Transform Imaging Spectroscopy 247 8.3.3.4 Fiber-Optic Image Compression 247 8.3.3.5 Spectral Source 248 8.3.3.6 Multispectral Confocal Microscopy 248 8.4 Data Analysis 249 8.4.1 Image Analysis 249 8.4.2 Analysis of Spectral Images 249 8.4.2.1 Pixel Classification 250 8.4.2.2 Pixel-Unmixing 250 8.5 Applications 251 8.5.1 Imaging Spectroscopy 251 8.5.2 Multiplex Imaging, Including Immunohistochemistry and Hybridizations 252 8.5.3 Spectral Karyotyping 252 8.5.4 Immunofluorescence 254 8.5.5 Immunohistochemistry 255 8.5.6 FISH and TRISH 256 8.5.7 Spectral Segmentation and Morphometry 256 8.6 Conclusion 258 Acknowledgment 258 References 258 1116_C09 262 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 262 Table of Contents -1 Section III: Photonic Detection and Imaging Techniques 262 Chapter 9: Lifetime- Based Imaging 263 9.1 Introduction 263 9.2 Techniques for Lifetime-Based Imaging 264 9.2.1 Time Domain 265 9.2.1.1 Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting 266 9.2.1.2 Multichannel Photon Counting 268 9.2.1.3 Sampling Methods 268 9.2.1.4 Spatially Sensitive Multichannel Plate Detectors 270 9.2.1.5 Multipulse Methods 272 9.2.2 Frequency Domain 272 9.2.2.1 Homodyne and Heterodyne FLIM 274 9.2.2.2 Optical Methods 277 9.2.2.3 FLIM with Lock-In Amplifiers 277 9.2.2.4 Multifrequency FLIM 277 9.2.3 Three-Dimensional Wide-Field FLIM 278 9.3 Specifics of FLIM Data Analysis 279 9.3.1 Fast Two-Gate Analysis 279 9.3.2 Global Analysis of FLIM Data 280 9.4 Selected FLIM Applications 280 9.4.1 Intracellular Lifetime-Based pH Imaging and Ion Mapping 281 9.4.2 Lifetime-Resolved Imaging of Cellular Processes 281 9.4.3 Cellular Interactions Determined by the FRET-FLIM 281 9.4.4 Tissue Imaging and Clinical Applications 282 9.4.5 Lifetime Imaging with Long-Lived Fluorophores 282 9.5 Outlook 282 Acknowledgment 283 References 283 1116_C10 293 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 293 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 10: Confocal Microscopy 293 10.1 Introduction 293 10.2 Image Formation in Scanning Microscopes 294 10.3 Applications of Depth Discrimination 296 10.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 299 10.5 Optical Architectures 301 10.5.1 The Aperture Mask System 302 10.5.2 The Use of Structured Illumination to Achieve Optical Sectioning 303 10.6 Abberation Correction 306 10.7 Summary 308 References 309 1116_C11 311 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 311 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 11: Two- Photon Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy 311 11.1 Introduction 311 11.2 Basic Principles of Multiphoton Excitation and Image Formation 312 11.2.1 The Physics of Multiphoton Excitation 312 11.2.2 Imaging Properties of Two-Photon Microscopy 313 11.3 Experimental Considerations of Multiphoton Microscopy 315 11.3.1 Instrument Design of Multiphoton Microscopy 315 11.3.2 Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications 317 11.4 Optimization of Multiphoton Microscopy for Deep Tissue Imaging 318 11.4.1 Effect of Tissue Optical Properties on Multiphoton Microscopy Efficiency and Image Formation 318 11.4.2 Photodamage Mechanisms in Tissues 321 11.4.3 Tissue-Level Applications of Two-Photon Microscopy 321 11.5 Conclusion 322 Acknowledgments 323 References 323 1116_C12 328 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 328 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 12: Near- Field Imaging in Biological and Biomedical Applications 328 12.1 Introduction 328 12.2 Near-Field Optical Microscopy 329 12.2.1 Basic Principles of Near-Field Optical Microscopy 329 12.2.2 Instrumentation 330 12.2.2.1 General Considerations 330 12.2.2.2 Near-Field Optical Probes 331 12.3 Biological Applications of Near-Field Optical Microscopy 332 12.3.1 Practical Considerations 332 12.3.2 Investigation of Cell Material 332 12.3.2.1 Near-Field Fluorescence Microscopy 332 12.3.2.1.1 Stained Cell Tissue 332 12.3.2.1.2 Actin Filaments 333 12.3.2.1.3 NSOM inside Cells 333 12.3.2.1.4 In Vitro Chemical Imaging of Tobacco Mosaic Virus 334 12.3.2.1.5 Single Green Fluorescing Proteins 336 12.3.2.2 Near-Field Raman Spectroscopy of Labeled DNA 337 12.3.3 Model Cell Membranes 338 12.4 Special Near-Field Techniques for Biological Applications 339 12.4.1 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 339 12.4.2 “Apertureless” Near-Field Microscopy 339 12.4.3 Multiphoton Near-Field Microscopy 340 12.4.4 Nonoptical Near-Field Microscopy 340 12.5 Outlook and Conclusions 341 References 341 1116_C13 347 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 347 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 13: Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging 347 13.1 Introduction 347 13.2 Principles of Operation of Optical Coherence Tomography 348 13.2.1 Measuring Ultrafast Optical Echoes 349 13.2.2 Resolution and Sensitivity of Optical Coherence Tomography 351 13.2.3 Image Generation in Optical Coherence Tomography 352 13.3 Optical Coherence Tomography Technology and Systems 354 13.4 Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography 358 13.4.1 Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in Ophthalmology 358 13.4.2 Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Biopsy 360 13.4.3 Imaging Where Excisional Biopsy Is Hazardous or Impossible 361 13.4.4 Detecting Early Neoplastic Changes 362 13.4.5 Guiding Surgical Intervention 365 13.4.6 Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography 368 13.5 Summary 370 Acknowledgments 370 References 370 1116_C14 376 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 376 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 14: Speckle Correlometry 376 14.1 Introduction 376 14.2 Statistical Properties of Speckles: Basic Principles and Results 377 14.2.1 First-Order Speckle Statistics 377 14.2.2 Second-Order Speckle Statistics 381 14.3 Temporal Correlation Analysis of Speckle Intensity Fluctuations as the Tool for Scattering Media Diagnostics 384 14.3.1 Single-Scattering Systems 384 14.3.2 Multiple-Scattering Systems 386 14.4 Angular Correlations of Multiply Scattered Light 389 14.5 Use of Time-Varying Speckle Contrast Analysis for Tissue Functional Diagnostics and Visualization 389 14.6 Imaging of Scattering Media with Use of Partially Coherent Speckles 393 14.7 Summary 394 Acknowledgments 395 References 395 1116_C15 399 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 399 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 15: Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitoring and Imaging 399 15.1 Introduction 399 15.2 Theory 401 15.2.1 The Single Scattering Event 401 15.2.2 Detection 402 15.2.3 Signal Processing 404 15.2.3.1 Derivation of 404 15.2.3.2 Derivation of 405 15.2.3.3 Power Spectral Density 405 15.2.4 Sampling Volume 407 15.3 Instrumentation 407 15.3.1 Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitoring 407 15.3.1.1 First Experimental Setup 407 15.3.1.2 LDPM Devices 407 15.3.1.3 Recording Tissue Perfusion 409 15.3.2 Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging 409 15.3.2.1 From Monitoring to Imaging 409 15.3.2.2 LDPI Devices 410 15.3.2.3 Monitoring Mode 411 15.3.2.4 High-Resolution LDPI 411 15.3.2.5 Recording an Image 412 15.3.3 Performance Check and Calibration 412 15.4 Applications 413 15.4.1 LDPM Applications 413 15.4.2 LDPI Applications 413 15.5 Conclusions 413 References 414 1116_C16 423 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 423 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 16: Light Scatter Spectroscopy and Imaging of Cellular and Subcellular Events 423 Overview 423 16.1 Introduction 423 16.2 Brief Theoretical Overview 424 16.2.1 General Formulation of Scattering by a Single Particle 425 16.2.2 Common Approximations to Solve for the Scattered Field of Biological Particles 427 16.2.2.1 Rayleigh-Gans Theory for Scattering Particles with Refractive Index Ratio 427 Close to 1 427 16.2.2.2 Mie Theory for Spherical Particles of Arbitrary Size and Index 428 16.2.3 Solving the Scattering Problem for a Scatterer of Arbitrary Shape and Index 428 16.3 Scatter Data Interpretation 429 16.4 Methods and Applications of Light Scatter Measurements to the Study of Cells, Organelles, and Tissue Slices 430 16.4.1 Light Scattering Spectroscopy of Cells and Organelles in Suspensions 430 16.4.1.1 Methods to Study Scattering by Particle Suspensions 430 16.4.1.2 Applications 430 16.4.1.2.1 Flow Cytometry 430 16.4.1.2.2 Angular Scatter Measurements of Isolated Mitochondria 431 16.4.1.2.3 Angular Scatter Measurements of Cellular Suspensions 432 16.4.1.2.4 Angular Scatter Measurements of Bacteria, Macromolecules, and Vesicles 433 16.4.2 Light Scattering Spectroscopy of Cellular Monolayers and Thin Tissue Slices 434 16.4.2.1 Methods for Collecting Angular Scatter Measurements by Diffraction 434 16.4.2.2 Applications of Diffraction to Cellular Analysis 435 16.4.2.3 Other Techniques to Study Scattering of Cellular Monolayers and Thin 436 Tissue Slices 436 16.4.3 Combining Spectrscopy and Imaging 436 16.4.3.1 Transmission and Reflectance Images of Brain Slices 436 16.4.3.2 Dual Angle Scatter Imaging of Brain Slices 437 16.4.3.3 Optical Scatter Imaging of Cellular Monolayers 437 16.5 Summary and Conclusion 440 References 441 1116_C17 446 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 446 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 17: Thermal Imaging for Biological and Medical Diagnostics 446 17.1 Introduction 446 17.2 Infrared Radiation and Thermal Imaging 447 17.3 Applications of Infrared Thermal Imaging 449 17.3.1 Calculations of Temperature Profiles in a Female Breast with and without a Tumor 451 17.3.1.1 Introduction 451 17.3.1.2 Bioheat Transfer Equation 452 17.3.1.3 Mathematical Model 452 17.3.1.4 Solution 453 17.3.1.5 Optimum Results 453 17.3.1.6 Conclusion, Discussion, and Future Work 454 17.4 Summary and Conclusions 455 Acknowledgments 456 References 456 1116_C18 458 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 458 Table of Contents -1 Section IV: Biomedical Diagnostics I 458 Chapter 18: Glucose Diagnostics 459 18.1 Introduction 459 18.2 On-Line Glucose Monitoring and Process Control 460 18.2.1 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 460 18.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy for Biological Glucose Analysis 462 18.2.3 Polarimetric Measurement of Aqueous Glucose 464 18.3 Diabetic Monitoring 464 18.3.1 Commercial Colorimetric Glucose Meters 464 18.3.2 Laser Perforation and Poration Devices for Fluid Extraction 465 18.3.3 Spectroscopic Methods for Glucose Diagnostics 466 18.3.3.1 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 466 18.3.3.1.1 Glucose Oxidase and O2 -Based Fluorescent Sensors 466 18.3.3.1.2 Nonoxygen-Based Fluorescent Sensors 467 18.3.3.2 Infrared and Near-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy 467 18.3.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy 471 18.3.3.4 Polarimetric Glucose Sensing 472 18.3.3.5 Other Optical Glucose Diagnostic Approaches 473 18.3.3.5.1 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 473 18.3.3.5.2. Optical Property Measurements as Indicators of Glucose 473 18.3.3.5.3 Optical Coherence Tomography 473 References 474 1116_C19 478 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 478 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 19: Clinical Diagnostic Instrumentation 478 19.1 Introduction 478 19.2 Assay Chemistry 479 19.3 System Components 480 19.4 Detection Modalities 481 19.4.1 Optical Absorbance 481 19.4.2 Reflectance 483 19.4.3 Fluorescence 484 19.4.4 Fluorescence Polarization (Fluorescence Anisotropy) 485 19.4.5 Chemiluminescence 486 19.4.6 Guided Wave Optical Sensors 486 19.4.7 Imaging Systems 487 19.5 Conclusion 488 References 488 1116_C20 492 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 492 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 20: Biosensors for Medical Applications 492 20.1 Introduction 492 20.2 Biosensors: Definition and Classification 493 20.3 Transduction Systems 494 20.3.1 Optical Detection 494 20.3.2 Electrochemical Detection 501 20.3.3 Mass-Sensitive Detection 502 20.4 Bioreceptors and Biosensor Systems 503 20.4.2 Enzyme 508 20.4.3 Nucleic Acid 508 20.4.4 Cell-Based Systems 511 20.4.5 Biomimetic Receptors 512 20.5 Probe Development: Immobilization of Biomolecules 512 20.6 Biomedical Applications 514 2.6.1 Cellular Processes 514 20.6.2 Viral Agents 515 20.6.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 516 20.6.4 Bacterial Pathogens 517 20.6.5 Cancer 518 20.6.6 Parasites 519 20.6.7 Toxins 519 20.6.8 Blood Factors 521 20.6.9 Congenital Diseases 521 20.7 Conclusions 521 Acknowledgments 522 References 522 1116_C21 532 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 532 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 21: Functional Imaging with Diffusing Light 532 21.1 Introduction 532 21.2 Theory 534 21.2.1 Diffusion Approximation 534 21.2.2 Sources of Diffusing Photons 534 21.2.3 Diffuse Photon Density Waves in Homogeneous Turbid Media 535 21.2.4 Spectroscopy of Homogeneous Turbid Media 537 21.2.5 Imaging in Heterogeneous Media 538 21.2.5.1 Brief History 538 21.2.5.2 Formulation of the Imaging Problem 539 21.2.5.3 Methods for Solving the Inverse Problem 541 21.2.5.4 Challenges for Implementation 542 21.2.6 Diffusion of Light Correlations: Blood Flow 544 21.2.7 Contrast Agents 545 21.2.7.1 Fluorescent Contrast Agents 545 21.2.7.2 Differential Absorption 545 21.3 Instrumentation 546 21.3.1 Source Encoding Strategies 547 21.3.1.1 Continuous-Wave Imaging System 548 21.3.1.2 Frequency-Domain Imaging System 549 21.3.1.3 Time-Domain Imaging System 549 21.4 Experimental Diffuse Optical Tomography: Functional Breast and Brain Imaging 549 21.4.1 Multiple Absorbers in a Slab Phantom 550 21.4.2 Breast Imaging 552 21.4.2.1 Endogenous Properties of Normal Breast 553 21.4.2.2 Clinical Optical Images of Breast Lesions 554 21.4.2.3 Contrast Agents to Enhance Breast Lesion Detection 555 21.4.3 Diffuse Optical Imaging of Brain Function 557 21.4.3.1 Flow and Blood Oxygen Saturation Images of Rat Stroke 558 21.4.3.2 Activation Imaging of Brain Function in a Rat Model 558 21.4.3.3 Images of Brain Function in Humans 560 21.5 Fundamental and Practical Issues: Problems and Solutions 561 21.5.1 Detection, Localization, Characterization, and Resolution Limits 561 21.5.2 Calibration of Source and Detector Amplitudes 562 Acknowledgments 564 References 564 1116_C22 577 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 577 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 22: Photon Migration Spectroscopy Frequency- Domain Techniques 577 22.1 Photon Migration Spectroscopy 577 22.1.1 What Is Photon Migration Spectroscopy? 577 22.1.2 Historical Development 578 22.2 Working in the Frequency Domain 578 22.2.1 The Basics of the Frequency-Domain Method 578 22.2.2 The Need for the Frequency Domain 580 22.3 Frequency-Domain Solution to the Diffusion Equation 581 22.3.1 General Transport of Light in Turbid Media 581 22.3.2 The P1 Approximation: Infinite Medium Solution 581 22.3.2.1 Formal Theory 581 22.3.2.2 Frequency Dependence 582 22.3.2.3 Diffusion Wavelength 583 22.3.3 The P1 Approximation: Semi-Infinite Medium Solution 583 22.3.3.1 Changes in the Theory 583 22.3.3.2 Sensitivity to the Optical Properties 584 22.3.4 The Standard Diffusion Equation 584 22.3.5 Measurements of PDW 586 22.4 Frequency-Domain Instrumentation 587 22.4.1 The Frequency-Domain Instrument 587 22.4.2 The Frequency-Domain Source 587 22.4.2.1 Internal Modulation 587 22.4.2.2 External Modulation 588 22.4.3 The Frequency-Domain Detector 589 22.4.3.1 Signal Detection 589 22.4.3.2 Photoemissive Detectors 589 22.4.3.3 Solid-State Detectors 589 22.5 Current Clinical Examples 590 22.5.1 Breast Spectroscopy 590 22.5.1.1 Past Efforts 590 22.5.1.2 New Contributions 590 22.5.2 Functional Brain Monitoring 590 22.5.3 Measurements of Tissue Physiology 591 22.5.3.1 Deep-Tissue Arterial and Venous Oximetry 591 22.5.3.2 Monitoring Photodynamic Therapy Response 591 Acknowledgments 591 References 592 1116_C23 594 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 594 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 23: Atomic Spectrometry in Biological and Clinical Analysis 594 23.1 Atomic Spectrometry: Introduction 594 23.2 Atomic Spectrometry: Principles 595 23.3 Atomic Spectrometry: Instrumentation 597 23.3.1 Flame Atomizers 597 23.3.2 Electrothermal Atomizers 598 23.3.3 Inductively Coupled Plasmas 598 23.3.4 X-Ray Fluorescence 598 23.4 Atomic Spectrometry: Sample Preparation 599 23.5 Atomic Spectrometry: Recent Developments and Applications 600 23.5.1 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 600 23.5.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 601 23.5.3 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry 602 23.5.4 Vapor Generation Procedures 602 23.5.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 603 23.6 Atomic Spectrometry: Quality Assurance 604 References 604 1116_C24 608 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 608 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 24: Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques in Biomedical Analysis 608 24.1 Overview 608 24.2 Capillary Electrophoresis Basics 609 24.2.1 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 609 24.2.1.1 Fundamentals 609 24.2.1.2 Practical Considerations 611 24.2.2 Biomedically Significant Variations on the Capillary Electrophoresis Theme 612 24.2.3 Additional Capillary Electrophoresis Separation Modes 615 24.3 Applications of Photonics to Capillary Electrophoresis 616 24.3.1 Detection of Native Analytes 616 24.3.1.1 UV/VIS Absorbance 617 24.3.1.2 Native Fluorescence 617 24.3.1.3 Additional Detection Methods 618 24.3.2 Detection Involving Reactions and Indirect Methods 619 24.3.2.1 Derivatization (Fluorescence Labeling) in LIF 619 24.3.2.2 Indirect Detection 621 24.3.2.3 Chemiluminescence Detection 622 24.3.3 Information-Rich Photonic Detection 622 24.3.4 Optically Gated Injection 625 24.4 Biomedical Applications 625 24.4.1 Analysis of Substance P Metabolites in Microdialysis Samples 626 24.4.2 Capillary Electrophoretic Enzyme Inhibition Assays 627 References 629 1116_C25 635 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 635 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 25: Flow Cytometry 635 25.1 Introduction 635 25.2 Hardware 635 25.2.1 Fluidics 636 25.2.2 Optics 636 25.2.3 Electronics 637 25.2.4 Cell Sorting with Cloning 638 25.3 Data Analysis 638 25.4 Flow Cytometry Measurements 639 25.5 Biological Applications 640 25.5.1 Cell Cycle and Cell Proliferation 640 25.5.2 Ca-Flux 640 25.5.3 Cellular Antigen Quantitation 640 25.6 Clinical Flow Cytometry Applications 640 25.6.1 T-Cell Subset Analysis for HIV Disease 640 25.6.2 Blood Banking 643 25.6.3 Cancer 644 25.7 Clinical Microbiology 644 25.8 Biological and Medical Research 644 25.8.1 Antigen-Specific T Cells and Immune Function in Infectious Diseases 644 25.8.2 Measurement of Soluble Analytes Using Multiplex Bead Assays 645 25.8.3 Other Cell Function Assays (Phagocytosis, Oxidative Burst, Basophils) 646 25.8.4 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analysis of Binding Phenomena 647 25.8.5 Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Genomics, and Proteomics 648 25.6 Industrial and Environmental Cytometry 648 References 649 1116_C26 655 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 655 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 26: X- Ray Diagnostic Techniques 655 Overview 655 26.1 Biological Tissue–X-Ray Interaction and Tissue Contrast 655 26.1.1 Attenuation-Based Tissue Contrast 655 26.1.2 Phase-Based Tissue Contrast 658 26.2 X-Ray Spectra and Exposure Control 659 26.2.1 Bremstrahlung and Characteristic Radiation 659 26.2.2 X-Ray Tubes 661 26.2.3 X-Ray Generators 663 26.3 Projection X-Ray Imaging 667 26.3.1 Conventional Radiography 667 26.3.2 Digital Radiography 668 26.3.3 Image Intensifier TV Chain and Fluoroscopy 674 26.3.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Analysis 677 26.4 Phase Contrast X-Ray Imaging 682 Acknowledgments 686 References 687 1116_C27 689 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 689 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 27: Optical Pumping and MRI of Hyperpolarized Spins 689 27.1 Introduction 689 27.2 MRI Basics 690 27.2.1 Nuclear Magnetism 690 27.2.2 Magnetic Resonance 691 27.2.3 Spin Relaxation, Tissue Characteristics, and Bloch Equation 692 27.2.4 Mapping Spatial Distribution of Spins 693 27.3 Nuclear Spin Hyperpolarization by Optical Pumping 695 27.3.1 Optical Depopulation Pumping of Alkali–Metal Atoms 696 27.3.2 Atomic States of Rubidium 697 27.3.3 Selective Absorption of Circularly Polarized Light 697 27.3.4 De-Excitation of Rb Atoms and Ground State Polarization 698 27.3.5 Optical Pumping Dynamics and the Generalized Bloch Equation 699 27.3.6 Spin Exchange and Hyperpolarized Nuclear Spins 701 27.3.7 Laser Source Considerations 702 27.4 MRI of Hyperpolarized He and Xe 704 27.4.1 Signal Intensities 705 27.4.2 General Considerations for He and Xe as MRI Contrast Media 706 27.4.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Magnetic Field Strength 707 27.4.4 Pulse Sequence Considerations 708 27.4.5 Hyperpolarized Spin Relaxation 711 27.4.6 MRI of Hyperpolarized He and Xe for Human Subjects 713 Acknowledgments 714 References 714 1116_C28 717 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 717 Table of Contents -1 Section V: Biomedical Diagnostics II: Optical Biopsy 717 Chapter 28: Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Biomedical Diagnostics 718 28.1 Introduction 718 28.2 Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 719 28.2.1 Fluorescence Techniques 719 28.2.2 Photophysical Basis of Luminescence 720 28.2.2.1 Molecular Electronic Energies 720 28.2.2.2 Population of the Excited Electronic States 721 Absorption (A) 721 Vibrational Relaxation (VR) 722 Internal Conversion (IC) 722 Fluorescence (F) 722 Intersystem Crossing (ISC) 723 Phosphorescence and the Triplet State 723 Spin–Orbit Coupling 723 General Considerations for Nonradiative Properties 724 Delayed Fluorescence (DF) 724 28.3 Characterization of Luminescence 725 28.3.1 Emission, Excitation, and Synchronous Spectra 725 28.3.2 Quantum Yields 725 28.3.3 Lifetimes 726 28.3.4 Polarization 727 28.4 Biomedical Applications 727 28.4.1 Biochemical Analysis of Individual Species 728 28.4.1.1 Endogenous Fluorophores 728 28.4.1.2 Exogenous Fluorophores and Molecular Markers 730 28.4.2 Analyses and Diagnostics 731 28.4.2.1 Cellular Analyses 732 28.4.2.1.1 Autofluorescence of Cells 732 28.4.1.1.2 Cellular Fluorescence Using Exogenous Dyes 734 28.4.2.2 Tissue Analyses and Diagnostics 736 28.4.2.2.1 Autofluorescence of Tissues 736 28.4.2.2.2 Tissue Analysis Using Exogenous Dyes 742 28.4.3 Analyses and Diagnostics 742 28.4.3.1 Animal Studies 742 28.4.3.1.1 Animal Studies Using Autofluorescence 743 28.4.3.1.2 Animal Studies Using Exogenous Dyes 744 28.4.3.2 Human Studies and Clinical Diagnostics 747 28.4.3.2.1 Clinical Studies and Diagnostics Using Autofluorescence 747 28.4.3.2.2 Clinical Studies and Diagnostics Using Exogenous Dyes 754 28.5 Conclusion 757 Acknowledgments 758 References 758 1116_C29 768 Biomedical Photonics Handbook 768 Table of Contents -1 Chapter 29: Elastic- Scattering Spectroscopy and Diffuse Reflectance 768 29.1 Basic Concepts 768 29.2 Clinical Studies 772 29.3 Increasing Sensitivity to Structures of Interest 775 29.4 Understanding the Origins of Light Sc

Contents......Page 0 90.1Tools and Techniques......Page 2 Approach......Page 3 Methods......Page 4 Information Modeling......Page 5 Essential Modeling......Page 6 CASE Tools......Page 7 90.2Testing, Debugging, and Verification......Page 10 The Origins and Causes of Software Defects......Page 11 The Taxonomy and Efficiency of Software Defect Rem.........Page 12 Pre-Test Defect Removal......Page 13 Testing Software......Page 14 Selecting an Optimal Series of Defect Prevention a.........Page 16 Post-Release Defect Removal......Page 17 The On-Rushing Year 2000 Software Problem......Page 18 The Emergence of Software Quality as a Litigation .........Page 19 Summary and Conclusions......Page 20 Portability.A program is called (easily) portable.........Page 21 Flow of Control......Page 22 Abstraction......Page 23 Simple Hierarchical Structuring......Page 24 Example 2.Programs tackling one problem at a time.........Page 25 Object-Oriented Programming......Page 26 Program Testing......Page 27

Patent Law and Miscellaneous Topics......Page 2 Contents......Page 0 Patents......Page 3 Trade Secrets......Page 8 Copyrights......Page 9 Trademarks......Page 10 Final Observations......Page 11 Legal Concepts......Page 12 Engineering Analysis......Page 13 Human Error......Page 14 Warnings and Instructions......Page 15 Hard Tissue Mechanics......Page 17 Cartilage......Page 19 Tendon/Ligaments......Page 20 Factors Affecting Biomechanical Properties......Page 21 Storage/Preservation......Page 22 Computational Biomechanics......Page 23 Biomaterials......Page 24 The Physiological Environment......Page 25 Biodegradable Polymers......Page 26 Materials of Natural Origin......Page 29 In Vivo Studies......Page 31 Accreditation......Page 35 Role of ASME International in Mechanical Engineeri.........Page 36 Role of ANSI in These and Other Related Standards......Page 37 Listing of Topics Covered by ASME International St.........Page 38 Where Do I Go If the Subject I Want Is Not on This.........Page 39 Geometrical Optics......Page 41 Symmetrical Optical Systems......Page 42 Plane Mirrors and Prisms......Page 46 Nonimaging Optics......Page 51 Edge-Ray Optics......Page 53 Lasers......Page 55 Gaussian Beams......Page 56 Tracing Gaussian Beams......Page 57 Gaussian Beams and Aberrations......Page 58 Non-Gaussian Beams from Lasers......Page 59 Introduction and Overview......Page 60 Multistage Flash Evaporation (MSF)......Page 61 Multi-Effect Distillation (ME)......Page 65 Vapor Compression Distillation (VC)......Page 66 Solar Distillation......Page 68 Reverse Osmosis (RO)......Page 70 Electrodialysis (ED)......Page 74 Human Hearing......Page 78 Noise Measures......Page 80 Response of People to Noise and Noise Criteria and.........Page 81 Noise Control Approaches......Page 83 20.8 Lighting Technology......Page 86 Lamps......Page 87 Lighting Fixtures......Page 91 Lighting Efficiency......Page 92

Reading an ECG correctly and working out what to do next is an invaluable skill for any doctor, nurse or paramedic when evaluating the condition of a patient. Making Sense of the ECG: Cases for Self Assessment helps students and more experienced healthcare practitioners to consolidate their knowledge of ECG interpretation through real-life scenarios. The patients' history, examination and initial investigations are presented along with questions on the ECG interpretation, allowing readers to assess their ability to interpret ECGs accurately, perform differential diagnosis and decide upon the most appropriate clinical management in each situation. Detailed explanatory answers respond to the questions posed, as well as providing practical clinical guidance and essential revision support. Key features Convenient format – ideal for both rapid reference and the presentation of full 12-lead ECG traces throughout Strong clinical emphasis – encourages you to put principles into practice Detailed explanations – aid in-depth learning Learn, revise and test yourself – use regularly to refresh your knowledge and ideal during exam preparation Used alongside the popular textbook Making Sense of the ECG: A Hands-on Guide 6E, or independently, as a vital tool to consolidate knowledge and prepare for clinical practice, this latest edition has been fully updated in line with the latest management guidelines and features a new appendix listing the key diagnosis in each ECG, making it easier to locate topics for revision.

Authored by experienced medical professionals, this essential book equips readers with the skills and knowledge needed to excel in the field of medical diagnosis. It is an extensive collection of Extended Matching Questions (EMQs) covering a wide range of topics in general medicine. Each question is accompanied by detailed explanations to provide comprehensive insights. By engaging with these realistic scenarios, readers will develop a deeper understanding of medical conditions, their presentations, and the appropriate diagnostic approaches. The book goes beyond memorization, fostering analytical skills and honing the ability to identify key diagnostic clues within the questions themselves.

This up-to-date revision guide for the MRCP SCE (Membership of the Royal College of Physicians―Specialty Certificate Examination) in neurology covers the core areas essential for exam success. The chapters are structured to align with the exam syllabus and help exam candidates learn and recall core concepts. The chapter format and style provide a structured and focused approach to studying essential neurology topics, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Carefully curated content encompasses all areas tested in the MRCP (SCE) Neurology examination. The use of bullet points, tables and colour illustrations aids in easy assimilation of information. The inclusion of neuroradiology and neuropathology, which account for a significant section of exam questions, is a particular strength of this text. Whether you are a resident or trainee preparing for your first SCE examination or a seasoned neurologist seeking to enhance your knowledge and skills, this book will provide you with the necessary tools for success.

Contents......Page 0 RECENT ADVANCES IN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Design and Applications......Page 1 International Series on Computational Intelligence......Page 2 Preface......Page 5 The Editors......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 A NEURO-SYMBOLIC HYBRID INTELLIGENT ARCHITECTURE WITH APPLICATIONS......Page 18 1 Introduction......Page 19 2 Knowledge Based Module for Represen-tation of Initial Domain Knowledge......Page 22 3 Extraction of Supplementary Rules via the Statistical Analysis Module......Page 23 3.1 Extraction of Correlation Rules......Page 24 3.2 Reducing the Input Dimensionality......Page 27 4 The Mapping Module......Page 28 5 The Discretization Module......Page 29 6 Refining Input Characterization......Page 31 7 Rule Extraction......Page 32 7.1 First Technique (BIO-RE)......Page 34 7.3 Third Technique (Full-RE)......Page 35 8 Rule Evaluation and Ordering Proce-dure for the Refined Expert System......Page 36 8.1 The Rule Ordering Procedure......Page 37 9 The Integrated Decision Maker......Page 38 10 Application: Controlling Water Reservoirs......Page 39 10.1 Implementation Results......Page 40 11 Application of the Statistical Approach......Page 43 12 Discussion......Page 46 References......Page 50 NEW RADIAL BASIS NEURAL NETWORKS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN A LARGE- SCALE HANDWRITTEN DIGIT RECOGNITION PROBLEM......Page 55 1 Introduction......Page 56 2 Function Approximation Models and RBF Neural Networks......Page 59 3 Reformulating Radial Basis Neural Networks......Page 62 4.1 Linear Generator Functions......Page 66 4.2 Exponential Generator Functions......Page 69 5.1 The Blind Spot......Page 71 5.2 Criteria for Selecting Generator Functions......Page 74 5.3 Evaluation of Linear and Exponential Generator Functions......Page 76 6 Learning Algorithms Based on Gradient Descent......Page 80 6.1 Batch Learning Algorithms......Page 81 6.2 Sequential Learning Algorithms......Page 83 6.3 Initialization of Supervised Learning......Page 85 7 Generator Functions and Gradient Descent Learning......Page 87 8.1 The NIST Databases......Page 89 8.2 Data Preprocessing......Page 90 8.3 Classification Tools for NIST Digits......Page 91 8.4 Role of the Prototypes in Gradient Descent Learning......Page 93 8.5 Effect of the Number of Radial Basis Functions......Page 95 8.7 Benchmarking Reformulated RBF Neural Networks......Page 99 9 Conclusions......Page 104 References......Page 106 1 Introduction......Page 111 2 Proposed Methodology......Page 114 2.1 Data Quantization Using Self-Organizing Maps......Page 115 2.2 Training Set Reduction and Classification of SOFM Prototypes for Supervised Techniques......Page 116 2.3 Fast Clustering and Labeling of SOFM Prototypes for Unsupervised Techniques......Page 117 3 Modifications of Supervised Algorithms......Page 118 3.1 Classification Using the BP Algorithm......Page 119 3.2 Classification Using the LVQ Algorithm......Page 120 3.3 The Pal-Majumder Fuzzy Classifier......Page 121 NN Algorithm......Page 122 4 Multimodular Classification......Page 123 5 Land-Cover Classification......Page 124 5.1 Supervised Classification......Page 126 5.2 Multimodular Classification......Page 129 5.3 Unsupervised Classification......Page 132 6 Summary......Page 138 References......Page 139 LEARNING FINE MOTION IN ROBOTICS: DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTS......Page 142 1 How to Find the Path?......Page 143 2 The Model-Based System......Page 144 3 The Sensor-Based System......Page 148 4 Perception Clustering......Page 150 5 Action Triggering......Page 159 6 All Together......Page 161 7 Why Use a SOM-Like Network?......Page 163 8 Planner Vs. HEKM......Page 164 9 Conclusions......Page 165 References......Page 167 1 Introduction......Page 170 2.1 Bottom-Up Propagation in a Single-Channel Block......Page 173 2.2 Class Selection......Page 174 2.3 Top-Down Propagation in a Single-Channel Block......Page 176 2.4 The Orientation System......Page 177 2.5 Class Manager......Page 178 3 Learning in MART......Page 180 3.2 Channel Credits......Page 181 3.4 Global Vigilances......Page 183 3.5 Other Characteristics......Page 185 4 Analysis of the Behavior of Certain Adaptive Parameters......Page 186 5 A Real Application Example......Page 189 6 Discussion......Page 197 References......Page 198 LATERAL PRIMING ADAPTIVE RESONANCE THEORY (LAPART)-2: INNOVATION IN ART......Page 202 1 Introduction......Page 203 2 ART-1, Stacknet, and LAPART-1......Page 205 2.2 ART-1 Architecture......Page 206 2.3 Stacknet......Page 208 2.4 LAPART-1......Page 211 3.1 Forcing Learning to Occur......Page 214 3.2 Constraints on the Input Data......Page 215 4 The Learning Theorems......Page 216 5.1 Method......Page 218 5.2 Results......Page 222 6 Discussion......Page 223 7 Conclusion......Page 224 References......Page 225 1 Introduction......Page 227 2 Agents......Page 229 3 Neural Network Role......Page 230 4 Agent Architecture......Page 231 4.1 Problem Domain......Page 232 4.2 Data......Page 233 4.3 Network Training......Page 235 5 Operation......Page 239 6 Summary......Page 241 References......Page 242 1 Introduction......Page 243 2 Process Control......Page 245 3 Use of Neural Networks in Control......Page 249 4 Case Study I: pH Control in Neutralization System......Page 255 4.1 Neutralization System......Page 256 4.2 Neural Network Control of the Neutralization System......Page 257 4.3.1 Conventional PID Controller Performance......Page 259 4.3.2 NN Controller Performance......Page 260 5 Case Study II: Adaptive Nonlinear-Model Predictive Control Using Neural Networks for Control of High Purity Industrial Distillation Column......Page 262 5.2.1 Linear Model Predictive Controller......Page 263 5.2.3 Adaptive Nonlinear-Model Predictive Controller via Neural Networks......Page 265 5.3 Identification......Page 268 5.4 Development of the Neural Network Model......Page 269 5.5 Control Application......Page 271 6.1 Binary Batch Distillation Column......Page 275 6.2 PI Controller with Neural Network as a Parameter Estimator......Page 281 6.3 Results......Page 282 7.1 Analysis of the Kettle......Page 285 7.2.2 Rule Derivation......Page 288 7.2.3 Neural Network......Page 289 7.3 Results......Page 291 8 Remarks and Future Studies......Page 295 References......Page 297 MONITORING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES BY NEURAL NETWORK BASED VIRTUAL SENSING......Page 304 1 Introduction......Page 305 2 The Engine Management System......Page 306 3 Virtual Sensor Systems......Page 308 4 Air-Fuel Ratio......Page 309 5 Combustion Monitoring Using the Spark Plug......Page 310 6 The Ignition System of a Spark-Ignition Engine......Page 312 7 Neural Networks for Use in Virtual Sensors......Page 315 8.1 The Spark Voltage Characterization Method......Page 318 8.2 Neural Network Training Procedure......Page 319 8.3.2 Unequal Sample Intervals......Page 321 8.3.4 Radial Basis Functions......Page 322 8.3.5 Discussion......Page 323 8.4 The Single-Cylinder Engine......Page 324 8.4.2 Multi-Speed Tests......Page 325 9 Conclusions......Page 327 Acknowledgment......Page 328 References......Page 329 NEURAL ARCHITECTURES OF FUZZY PETRI NETS......Page 332 1 Introduction......Page 333 2 The Generalization of the Petri Net and Its Underlying Architecture......Page 334 3 The Architecture of the Fuzzy Petri Net......Page 335 4 The Learning Procedure......Page 338 5 Interfacing Fuzzy Petri Nets with Granular Information......Page 342 6 Experiments......Page 344 7 Conclusions......Page 356 References......Page 357

This book begins by introducing the basic theoretical concepts and arithmetic used in algorithms for security and cryptography, and by reviewing the fundamental building blocks of cryptographic systems. It then analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of real-world implementations that not only optimize power, area, and throughput but also resist side-channel attacks. Merging the perspectives of experts from industry and academia, the book provides valuable insight and necessary background for the design of security-aware circuits and systems as well as efficient accelerators used in security applications.

Thermodynamic Cycles......Page 2 Contents......Page 0 48.1 Power Cycles......Page 3 48.2 Refrigeration Cycles......Page 7 Defining Terms......Page 9 Further Information......Page 10

1.1 Introduction......Page 1 Contents......Page 0 1.2 Development of pressure vessel construction codes......Page 9 Additional Readings......Page 13 2.1 General overview......Page 15 2.2 Structural and material considerations......Page 19 2.3 Factor of safety......Page 23 2.5 Design by analysis......Page 24 References......Page 25 3.2 Theories of failure......Page 26 3.3 Theories of failure used in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code......Page 29 3.4 Allowable stress limits in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code......Page 30 3.5 Service limits......Page 33 3.6 Design for cyclic loading......Page 35 3.7 Protection against fracture......Page 36 Problems......Page 37 4.1 Introduction......Page 38 4.3.1 Primary stress......Page 39 4.3.2 Secondary stress......Page 40 4.4 Stress limits......Page 41 4.6 Practical aspects of stress categorization......Page 44 4.7 Shape factor considerations......Page 47 Problems......Page 55 5.1 Introduction......Page 56 5.2 Thin-shell equations......Page 57 5.3 Thick-shell equations......Page 60 5.4 Approximate equations......Page 62 5.5 Buckling of cylindrical shells......Page 63 5.6 Discontinuity stresses in pressure vessels......Page 67 References......Page 69 Problems......Page 70 6.1 Introduction......Page 71 6.2 Hemispherical heads under internal pressure......Page 72 6.4.2 ‘‘Exact’’ theory......Page 77 6.6 ASME equation for torispherical heads......Page 78 6.7.1 Solution for ASME head using Eq. (6.15)......Page 79 6.8 ASME design equations for conical heads......Page 80 6.9 ASME design equations for toriconical heads......Page 81 6.10.2 Case 2......Page 82 6.12.1 Considering simply supported edges......Page 84 References......Page 85 7.1 Introduction......Page 86 7.2 Stress concentration about a circular hole......Page 87 7.3 Cylindrical shell with a circular hole under internal pressure......Page 88 7.4 Spherical shell with a circular hole under internal pressure......Page 89 7.5 Reinforcement of openings......Page 90 7.5.1 Reinforcement example problem......Page 92 7.6 Nozzles in pressure vessels......Page 93 References......Page 95 8.1 Introduction......Page 96 8.2 Exemption from fatigue analysis......Page 98 8.3 S–N curves......Page 99 8.4 Local strain approach to fatigue......Page 100 8.6 Cumulative damage......Page 102 8.7 Cycle counting......Page 104 8.8 Fatigue evaluation procedure......Page 105 8.9 Example of fatigue evaluation......Page 107 Problems......Page 108 9.1 Introduction......Page 110 9.2 Gasket joint behavior......Page 111 9.4.1 Problem 1......Page 113 9.4.2 Problem 2......Page 114 Problems......Page 117 10.1 Introduction......Page 118 10.2 Lug support......Page 119 10.3 Support skirts......Page 121 10.4 Saddle supports......Page 122 References......Page 125 11.1 Introduction......Page 126 11.2 Elastic analysis incorporating modified Poisson’s ratio......Page 129 11.3 Elastic analysis to address plastic strain intensification......Page 131 11.4 Conclusion......Page 134 References......Page 135 12.1 Introduction......Page 137 12.2.1 Example problem......Page 138 12.3.1 Vessel and nozzle thickness calculations......Page 139 12.3.2 Reinforcement calculations......Page 140 12.4 Fatigue evaluation using elastic analysis......Page 141 12.5 Fatigue evaluation using the simplified inelastic analysis method......Page 143 12.6 Structural evaluation of a reactor vessel support......Page 146 References......Page 151 A.1 Introduction......Page 152 A.2 Concept of stress......Page 153 A.3 Equations of equilibrium in a cylindrical system......Page 154 A.4 Principal stresses......Page 155 A.5 Strain......Page 156 A.7 Elastic plane problems......Page 158 A.7.1 Plane strain......Page 159 A.7.3 Stress function formulation......Page 160 A.8 Plasticity......Page 162 B.1 S–N curves......Page 165 B.3 Basic fracture mechanics......Page 167 B.4.1 Solution......Page 170 C.1 Shape factor......Page 171 C.2 Collapse phenomena and limit theorems......Page 172

This book takes readers through 45 challenging scenarios to teach communication skills in medicine. It follows the revised format of the Practical Assessment of Clinical Examination Skills (PACES) exam conducted by the Royal College of Physicians in the UK, which tests communication skills twice in two separate stations. As most scenarios in this book have been created in an acute medical unit setting, the approach followed should also appeal to senior medical students and trainees in internal medicine and general practice at all levels. Readers will learn: • How to convey abnormal test results and break bad news, • How to discuss the diagnosis of a chronic disease and negotiate a management plan, • How to communicate with patients who pose an ethical dilemma, • How to communicate with challenging patients and relatives, • What to tell patients or relatives when things go wrong, • How to communicate with patients and relatives regarding end-of-life issues, Key Features: • Takes readers through a simple, step-by-step approach to skilfully dealing with common challenging communication scenarios they face in their daily practice, • Guides readers on how to communicate in layman’s terms without using medical jargon, as it is fully dialogued, proving particularly helpful to non-UK candidates whose first language is not English, • Simplifies several complex ethical and medicolegal principles, such as treatment of patients lacking capacity, dealing with patients who refuse consent, confidentiality, counselling a non-compliant patient, basic genetic counselling, management of patients who demand non-indicated investigations or treatments, open disclosure after a medical error, preparing an advance decision and lasting power of attorney, issues around brain death and organ donation, tube feeding, ‘Do Not Attempt Resuscitation’ (DNAR) orders, and referral to the coroner.

Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Preface List of Editors List of Contributors Chapter 1 Pathophysiology of Brain Cancer Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Brain Cancer Chapter 3 Neuro-Ophthalmology of Brain Tumors Chapter 4 Advanced Imaging Techniques for Brain Tumor Chapter 5 Radiosurgery for Brain Tumors Chapter 6 Antisense Therapy in Combating Brain Cancer Chapter 7 Advanced Nanomaterial Applications in Brain Tumor Diagnosis and Theranostics Chapter 8 Innovative Approaches in Brain Cancer Therapy: Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery Systems Chapter 9 Green Nanomedicine for Targeted Brain Tumor Therapy Chapter 10 Drug Delivery Systems for Targeting Brain Tumors: Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier Chapter 11 Phytochemicals for Brain Tumor Therapy: Challenges and Innovations Index

Lung transplantation (LTx) is a life-saving treatment for people with very severe end-stage lung diseases. This concise, well-illustrated practical handbook provides a comprehensive overview of pre-, peri-, and post-transplant care addressing the complexity of lung transplantation, general follow-up, and common post-transplant complications through simple, to-the-point, short topics that answer questions that trainees, fellows, and consultants working in LTx departments have. It educates healthcare professionals involved in the care of LTx patients by explaining the general post-transplant journey, addressing typical post-transplant complications, and providing examples of real-life cases.Key Features• Provides answers to common clinical questions during the post-transplant journey of a lung transplant recipient.• Shares practical/pragmatic approaches to diagnostic and management issues seen in the lung transplant population for clinicians from both within and external to transplant centres internationally, to gain practical experience.• Summarises the clinical aspects of LTx, with easy-to-navigate short text blocks, bullet points, and illustrations.

Theme is often described as the "why" of a game. Themes help with rules comprehension by giving reasons for the mechanics. Themes can help set players’ expectations for what kind of experiences or emotions the game provides. Themes can also help to create the experience and provide atmosphere to the gameplay. Thematic Integration in Board Game Design examines the design and integration of theme from the standpoints of technical structure, narrative building, and the design process. This book presents multiple approaches to designing theme as well as developing and replacing themes in existing projects. The focus is on developing the design skill of mechanical integration of theme rather than developing creative writing skills. Multiple guides and exercises are included that designers can reference at various points in the design process. Key Features: Fills a void in board game design theory by discussing theory-craft relating to theme in board game design Presents practical theory for working designers or students Focuses on developing the design skill of mechanical integration of theme rather than developing creative writing skills

toc.pdf Contents 01.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Basic Theory of Plates and Elastic Stability Introduction Plates Basic Assumptions Governing Equations Boundary Conditions Circular Plate Examples of Bending Problems Stability Basic Concepts Columns Thin-Walled Members Plates Defining Terms 02.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Structural Analysis Fundamental Principles Boundary Conditions Loads and Reactions Principle of Superposition Idealized Models Flexural Members Axial Force, Shear Force, and Bending Moment Relation Between Load, Shear, and Bending Moment Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams Fix-Ended Beams Continuous Beams Beam Deflection Curved Flexural Members Trusses Method of Joints Method of Sections Compound Trusses Stability and Determinacy Frames Slope Deflection Method Application of Slope Deflection Method to Frames Moment Distribution Method Method of Consistent Deformations Plates Bending of Thin Plates Boundary Conditions Bending of Simply Supported Rectangular Plates Bending of Circular Plates Strain Energy of Simple Plates Plates of Various Shapes and Boundary Conditions Orthotropic Plates Buckling of Thin Plates Shell Stress Resultants in Shell Element Membrane Theory of Shells of Revolution Spherical Dome Conical Shells Shells of Revolution Subjected to Unsymmetrical Loading Membrane Theory of Cylindrical Shells Symmetrically Loaded Circular Cylindrical Shells Buckling of Shells Influence Lines Influence Lines for Shear in Simple Beams Influence Lines for Bending Moment in Simple Beams Influence Lines for Trusses Qualitative Influence Lines Influence Lines for Continuous Beams Energy Methods in Structural Analysis Strain Energy Due to Uniaxial Stress Strain Energy in Bending Strain Energy in Shear The Energy Relations in Structural Analysis Unit Load Method Matrix Methods Flexibility Method Stiffness Method Element Stiffness Matrix Grillages Structure Stiffness Matrix Loading Between Nodes Semi-Rigid End Connection The Finite Element Method Basic Concept Basic Equations from Theory of Elasticity Plane Stress Plane Strain Element Shapes and Discretization Choice of Displacement Function Nodal Degrees of Freedom Isoparametric Elements Isoparametric Families of Elements Element Shape Functions Formulation of Stiffness Matrix Plates Subjected to In-Plane Forces Beam Element Plates in Bendings---Rectangular Element Inelastic Analysis An Overall View Ductility Redistribution of Forces Plastic Hinge Plastic Moment Theory of Plastic Analysis Equilibrium Method Mechanism Method Gable Frames Analysis Charts for Gable Frames Grillages Vierendeel Girders First-Order Hinge-By-Hinge Analysis Frame Stability Categorization of Analysis Methods Columns Stability Beam-Column Stability Slope Deflection Equations Second-Order Elastic Analysis Modifications to Account for Plastic Hinge Effects Modification for End Connections Second-Order Refined Plastic Hinge Analysis Second-Order Plastic Zone Analysis Three-Dimensional Frame Element Structural Dynamic Equation of Motion Free Vibration Forced Vibration Response to Suddenly Applied Load Response to Time-Varying Loads Multiple Degree Systems Distributed Mass Systems Portal Frames Damping Numerical Analysis Defining Terms 03.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Structural Steel Design Materials Stress-Strain Behavior of Structural Steel Types of Steel Carbon Steels (ASTM A36, ASTM A529, ASTM 709) High Strength Low Alloy Steels (ASTM A441, ASTM A572) Corrosion-Resistant High Strength Low Alloy Steels (ASTM A242, ASTM A588) Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels (ASTM A852, ASTM A514, ASTM A709, ASTM A852) Fireproofing of Steel Corrosion Protection of Steel Structural Steel Shapes Structural Fasteners Bolts Welds Weldability of Steel Design Philosophy and Design Formats Design Philosophy Design Formats Tension Members Allowable Stress Design Load and Resistance Factor Design Pin-Connected Members Allowable Stress Design Load and Resistance Factor Design Threaded Rods Allowable Stress Design Load and Resistance Factor Design Compression Members Allowable Stress Design Load and Resistance Factor Design Built-Up Compression Members Flexural Members Allowable Stress Design Flexural Strength Criterion Shear Strength Criterion Criteria for Concentrated Loads De ection Criterion Load and Resistance Factor Design Flexural Strength Criterion Shear Strength Criterion Criteria for Concentrated Loads De ection Criterion Continuous Beams Lateral Bracing of Beams Combined Flexure and Axial Force Allowable Stress Design Load and Resistance Factor Design Biaxial Bending Allowable Stress Design Load and Resistance Factor Design Combined Bending, Torsion, and Axial Force Frames Plate Girders Allowable Stress Design Allowable Bending Stress Allowable Shear Stress Transverse Stiffeners Load and Resistance Factor Design Flexural Strength Criterion Shear Strength Criterion Flexure-Shear Interaction Bearing Stiffeners Intermediate Stiffeners Connections Bolted Connections Bolt Holes Bolts Loaded in Tension Bolts Loaded in Shear Bolts Loaded in Combined Tension and Shear Bearing Strength at Fastener Holes Minimum Fastener Spacing Minimum Edge Distance Maximum Fastener Spacing Maximum Edge Distance Bolted Hanger Type Connections Bolted Bracket Type Connections Bolted Shear Connections Bolted Moment-Resisting Connections Design of Moment-Resisting Connections Welded Connections Welding Symbols Strength of Welds Effective Area of Welds Size and Length Limitations of Welds Welded Connections for Tension Members Welded Bracket Type Connections Welded Connections with Welds Subjected to Combined Shear and Flexure Welded Shear Connections Welded Moment-Resisting Connections Shop Welded-Field Bolted Connections Beam and Column Splices Column Base Plates and Beam Bearing Plates (LRFD Approach) Column Base Plates Axially Loaded Base Plates Base Plates for Tubular and Pipe Columns Base Plates with Moments Base Plates with Shear Anchor Bolts Beam Bearing Plates Composite Members (LRFD Approach) Composite Columns Design Compressive Strength Composite Beams Composite Floor Slabs Plastic Design Plastic Design of Columns and Beams Plastic Design of Beam-Columns Defining Terms References Further Reading 04.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Structural Concrete Design Properties of Concrete and Reinforcing Steel Properties of Concrete Heavyweight Concrete High-Strength Concrete Reinforcing Steel Proportioning and Mixing Concrete Proportioning Concrete Mix Admixtures Mixing Flexural Design of and One-Way Slabs Reinforced Concrete Strength Design Analysis of Rectangular Beams with Tension Reinforcement Only Analysis of Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement Prestressed ConcreteStrength Design Elastic Flexural Analysis Flexural Strength Reinforcement Ratios Columns under Bending and Axial Load Short Columns under Minimum Eccentricity Short Columns under Axial Load and Bending Slenderness Effects Columns under Axial Load and Biaxial Bending Bresler Reciprocal Load Method Bresler Load Contour Method PCA (Parme-Gowens) Load Contour Method Shear and Torsion Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs Strength Design Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs Without Shear Reinforcement: for Shear Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs Without Shear Reinforcements: for Torsion Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs without Shear Reinforcement: Design of Stirrup Reinforcement for Shear and Torsion Design of Deep Beams Prestressed Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs Strength Design Shear Strength Provided by the Concrete Shear Strength Provided by the Shear Reinforcement Development of Reinforcement Development of Bars in Tension Development of Bars in Compression Development of Hooks in Tension Bundled Bars, and Web Reinforcement Splices Bundled Bars Web Reinforcement Two-Way Systems Definition Design Procedures Minimum Slab Thickness and Reinforcement Direct Design Method Equivalent Frame Method Detailing Frames Analysis of Frames Slope De ection Moment Distribution Matrix Analysis Approximate Analysis ACI Moment Coefficients Limit Analysis Design for Seismic Loading Flexural Members Columns Joints of Frames Brackets and Corbels Footings Types of Footings Design Considerations Size of Footings Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear) One-Way Shear Flexural Reinforcement and Footing Reinforcement Bending Capacity of Column at Base Dowels on Footings Development Length of the Reinforcing Bars Differential Settlement Wall Footings Single-Column Spread Footings Combined Footings Two-Column Footings Strip, Grid, and Mat Foundations Footings on Piles Walls Panel, Curtain, and Bearing Walls Basement Walls Partition Walls Shears Walls Defining Terms References Further Reading 05.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Earthquake Engineering Introduction Earthquakes Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting Distribution of Seismicity Global U.S. Other Areas Measurement of Earthquakes Magnitude Intensity Time History Elastic Inelastic Response Spectra Response Spectrum Intensity and Other Measures Engineering Intensity Scale Strong Motion Attenuation and Duration Seismic Hazard and Design Earthquake Code Approach Upper-Bound Approach Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis Selection of Design Earthquake Effect of Soils on Ground Motion Analytical Methods Empirical Methods Liquefaction and Liquefaction-Related Permanent Ground Displacement Simplified Procedure for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Seismic Design Codes Purpose of Codes Historical Development of Seismic Codes Selected Seismic Codes Earthquake Effects and Design of Structures Buildings How Earthquake Forces are Resisted Estimation of Earthquake Forces Types of Buildings and Typical Earthquake Performance Passive Control Active Control Non-Building Structures Bridges Industrial Structures Defining Terms References Further Reading 06.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Composite Construction Introduction Historical Overview Scope Design Codes Materials Concrete Reinforcing Steel Structural Steel Steel Decking Shear Connectors Simply-Supported Composite Beams Beam Response and Failure Modes The Effective Width of Concrete Flange Elastic Analysis Plastic Analysis Vertical Shear Serviceability Limit States Worked Examplesfootnotemark Continuous Beams Introduction Effective Width Local Buckling and Classification of Cross-Sections Elastic Analysis of the Cross-Section Plastic Resistance of the Cross-Section Serviceability Limit States Ultimate Limit State The Lateral-Torsional Buckling Worked Examples The Shear Connection The Shear Transfer Mechanisms The Shear Strength of Mechanical Shear Connectors Steel-Concrete Interface Separation Shear Connectors Spacing Shear Connection Detailing Transverse Reinforcement The Shear Connection in Fully and Partially Composite Beams Worked Examples Composite Columns Types of Sections and Advantages Failure Mechanisms The Elastic Behavior of the Section The Plastic Behavior of the Section The Behavior of the Members Influence of Local Buckling Shear Effects Load Introduction Region Restrictions for the Application of the Design Methods Worked Examples Composite Slabs The Steel Deck The Composite Slab Worked Examples 07.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Cold-Formed Steel Structures Introduction Design Standards Design Bases Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Limit States Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Materials and Mechanical Properties Yield Point, Tensile Strength, and Stress-Strain Relationship Strength Increase from Cold Work of Forming Modulus of Elasticity, Tangent Modulus, and Shear Modulus Ductility Element Strength Maximum Flat-Width-to-Thickness Ratios Stiffened Elements under Uniform Compression Stiffened Elements with Stress Gradient Unstiffened Elements under Uniform Compression Uniformly Compressed Elements with an Edge Stiffener Uniformly Compressed Elements with Intermediatenewline Stiffeners Member Design Sectional Properties Linear Method for Computing Sectional Properties Tension Members Flexural Members Concentrically Loaded Compression Members Combined Axial Load and Bending Cylindrical Tubular Members Connections and Joints Welded Connections Bolted Connections Screw Connections Structural Systems and Assemblies Metal Buildings Shear Diaphragms Shell Roof Structures Wall Stud Assemblies Residential Construction Composite Construction Defining Terms 08.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Aluminum Structures Introduction The Material Alloy Characteristics Codes and Specifications Structural Behavior General Component Behavior Joints Fatigue Design General Considerations Design Studies Economics of Design Defining Terms 09.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Timber Structures Introduction Types of Wood Products Types of Structures Design Specifications and Industry Resources Properties of Wood Preliminary Design Considerations Loads and Load Combinations Design Values Adjustment of Design Values Beam Design Moment Capacity Shear Capacity Bearing Capacity NDS Provisions Tension Member Design Column Design Solid Columns Spaced Columns Built-Up Columns NDS Provisions Combined Load Design Combined Bending and Axial Tension Biaxial Bending or Combined Bending and Axial Compression NDS Provisions Fastener and Connection Design Nails, Spikes, and Screws Bolts, Lag Screws, and Dowels Other Types of Connections NDS Provisions Structural Panels Panel Section Properties Panel Design Values Design Resources Shear Walls and Diaphragms Required Resistance Shear Wall and Diaphragm Resistance Design Resources Trusses Curved Beams and Arches Curved Beams Arches Design Resources Serviceability Considerations Deflections Vibrations NDS Provisions Non-Structural Performance Defining Terms 10.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Bridge Structures General Introduction Classification Plan Design Loads Influence Lines Steel Bridges Introduction Welding Bolting Fabrication in Shop Construction on Site Painting Concrete Bridges Introduction Reinforced Concrete Bridges Prestressed Concrete Bridges Concrete Substructures Introduction Bents and Piers Abutments Design Consideration Floor System Introduction Decks Pavement Stringers Floor Beams Bearings, Expansion Joints, and Railings Introduction Bearings (Shoes) Expansion Joints Railings Girder Bridges Structural Features Plate Girder (Noncomposite) Composite Girder Grillage Girder Box Girder Truss Bridges Structural Features Types of Trusses Structural Analysis and Secondary Stress Gerber Truss Bridge Rigid Frame Bridges (Rahmen Bridges) Structural Features Portal Frame -Rahmen (Strutted Beam Bridge) Vierendeel Bridge Arch Bridges Structural Features Types of Arches Structural Analysis Langer Bridge Lohse Bridge Trussed Arch and Nielsen Arch Bridges Cable-Stayed Bridges Structural Features Types of Cable-Stayed Bridges Structural Analysis Tension in Cable Suspension Bridges Structural Features Types of Suspension Bridges Structural Analysis Cable Design Stiffening Girder Tower Stability for Wind Defining Terms 11.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Shell Structures Introduction Overview Production Practice Scope Limitations Stress Components for Stability Analysis and Design Materials Steel Other Materials Geometries, Failure Modes, and Loads Geometries Failure Modes Loads and Load Combinations Buckling Design Method Stress Factor Nomenclature Allowable Compressive Stresses for Cylindrical Shells Uniform Axial Compression Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment External Pressure Shear Sizing of Rings (General Instability) Uniform Axial Compression and Axial Compression Due to Bending External Pressure Shear Local Stiffener Buckling Allowable Compressive Stresses For Cones Uniform Axial Compression and Axial Compression Due to Bending Allowable Longitudinal and Bending Stresses Unstiffened Cone-Cylinder Junctions Cone-Cylinder Junction Rings External Pressure Allowable Circumferential Compression Stresses Intermediate Stiffening Rings Cone-Cylinder Junction Rings Shear Allowable In-Plane Shear Stress Intermediate Stiffening Rings Local Stiffener Buckling Allowable Stress Equations For Unstiffened and Ring- Stiffened Cylinders and Cones Under Combined Loads For Combination of Uniform Axial Compression and Hoop Compression For Combination of Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment, and Hoop Compression For Combination of Hoop Compression and Shear For Combination of Uniform Axial Compression, Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment, and Shear, in the Presence of Hoop Compression, For Combination of Uniform Axial Compression, Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment, and Shear, in the Absence of Hoop Compression, Tolerances for Cylindrical and Conical Shells Shells Subjected to Uniform Axial Compression and Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment Shells Subjected to External Pressure Shells Subjected to Shear Allowable Compressive Stresses for Spherical Shells and Formed Heads, With Pressure on Convex Side Spherical Shells With Equal Biaxial Stresses With Unequal Biaxial Stresses—Both Stresses Are Compressive With Unequal Biaxial Stresses—One Stress Is Compressive and the Other Is Tensile Shear Toroidal and Ellipsoidal Heads Tolerances for Formed Heads References Further Reading 12.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Multistory Frame Structures Classification of Building Frames Rigid Frames Simple Frames (Pin-Connected Frames Bracing Systems Braced Frames vs. Unbraced Frames Sway Frames vs. Non-Sway Frames Classification of Tall Building Frames Composite Floor Systems Floor Structures in Multistory Buildings Composite Floor Systems Composite Beams and Girders Long-Span Flooring Systems Comparison of Floor Spanning Systems Floor Diaphragms Design Concepts and Structural Schemes Introduction Gravity Frames Bracing Systems Moment-Resisting Frames Tall Building Framing Systems Steel-Concrete Composite Systems Wind Effects on Buildings Introduction Characteristics of Wind Wind Induced Dynamic Forces Response Due to Along Wind Response Due to Across Wind Torsional Response Response by Wind Tunnel Tests Defining Terms 13.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Space Frame Structures Introduction to Space Frame Structures General Introduction Definition of the Space Frame Basic Concepts Advantages of Space Frames Preliminary Planning Guidelines Double Layer Grids Types and Geometry Type Choosing Method of Support Design Parameters Cambering and Slope Methods of Erection Latticed Shells Form and Layer Braced Barrel Vaults Braced Domes Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells Intersection and Combination Structural Analysis Design Loads Static Analysis Earthquake Resistance Stability Jointing Systems General Description Proprietary System Bearing Joints Defining Terms 14.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Cooling Tower Structures Introduction Components of a Natural Draft Cooling Tower Damage and Failures Geometry Loading Methods of Analysis Design and Detailing of Components Construction 15.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Transmission Structures Introduction and Application Application Structure Configuration and Material Constructibility Maintenance Considerations Structure Families State of the Art Review Loads on Transmission Structures General Calculation of Loads Using NESC Code Calculation of Loads Using the ASCE Guide Special Loads Security Loads Construction and Maintenance Loads Loads on Structure Vertical Loads Transverse Loads Longitudinal Loading Design of Steel Lattice Tower Tower Geometry Analysis and Design Methodology Allowable Stresses Connections Detailing Considerations Tower Testing Transmission Poles General Stress Analysis Tubular Steel Poles Wood Poles Concrete Poles Guyed Poles Transmission Tower Foundations Geotechnical Parameters Foundation Types---Selection and Design Anchorage Construction and Other Considerations Safety Margins for Foundation Design Foundation Movements Foundation Testing Design Examples Defining Terms Chapter15B .pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents Tunnel Structures 15B.1 Introduction What Is a Tunnel? Fundamental Approach to Underground Design Immersed and Floating Tunnels Floating Tunnels Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Trench Excavation Top-Down Construction Groundwater Impacts Bored and Mined Tunnels in Soil or Rock 15B.2 Immersed and Floating Tunnels Introduction Sizing of Tunnel Sections Principles of Design Analysis Analysis of Earthquake Effects Methods of Constructing Elements: Concrete and Steel Monolithic Elements Discrete Segments Steel Waterproofing Tunnel Joints Construction Joints Immersion Joints Seismic Joints Terminal Joints (Land Connections) Construction Aspects Protection Against Ship Traffic and Currents 15B.3 Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Introduction Structural Analysis Methods of Framing Analysis in Section: Typical Frame and BOEF Methods of Analysis Loading Finite Element Analysis Buoyancy Evaluation of Construction Impact and Mitigation 15B.4 Tunnel Linings for Bored and Mined Tunnels Introduction Mechanized Tunneling Through Soil Dry Soil Wet Soil Slurry TBM EPB-TBM Linings for Tunnels in Soil Two-Pass Lining Bored Tunnels in Rock Roadheader Sequential Excavation and Support for Rock Tunnels Selection of Lining System in a Rock Tunnel Unlined Tunnel Shotcrete Lining Unreinforced Concrete Lining Reinforced Concrete Lining Pipe in Tunnel Steel Lining Concrete Segmental Lining Structural Design of Permanent Concrete Linings in Rock Cracking of Linings Lining Loads for Design Methods of Analysis Design of Segmental Concrete Linings Design Conditions 15B.5 seismic Analysis and Design Introduction Performance Record During Earthquakes Design and Analysis Approach for Ground Shaking Effects General Evaluation of Axial and Curvature Deformations Procedure Accounting for Soil-Structure Interaction Effects Evaluation of Ovaling Deformations of Bored/Mined Circular Tunnels Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Evaluation of Racking Deformations of Rectangular Tunnels Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Loads Due to Vertical Seismic Motions Tunnel Subject to Large Displacements Shaft Structures and Interface Joints Defining Terms References Further Reading 16.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Performance-Based Seismic Design Criteria For Bridges Notations Introduction Damage to in Recent Earthquakes Criteria Performance-Based Design Criteria Background of Criteria Development Performance Requirements General Safety Evaluation Earthquake Functionality Evaluation Earthquake Objectives of Seismic Design Loads and Load Combinations Load Factors and Combinations Earthquake Load Wind Load Buoyancy and Hydrodynamic Mass Structural Materials Existing Materials New Materials Structural Steel Structural Concrete Reinforcement Determination of Demands Analysis Methods Static Linear Analysis Dynamic Response Spectrum Analysis Dynamic Time History Analysis Modeling Considerations Global, Regional, and Local Models Boundary Conditions Soil-Foundation-Structure-Interaction Section Properties of Damping Seismic Response Modification Devices Determination of Capacities Limit States and Resistance Factors Limit States Resistance Factors Effective Length of Compression Members Nominal Strength of Steel Structures Members Gusset Plate Connections Connections Splices Eyebars Anchor Bolts (Rods) and Anchorage Assemblies Rivets and Holes Bolts and Holes Prying Action Nominal Strength of Concrete Structures Nominal Moment Strength Nominal Shear Strength Structural Deformation Capacity Steel Structures Reinforced Concrete Structures Seismic Response Modification Devices General Determination of SRMDs Properties Performance Acceptance Criteria General Structural Component Classifications Steel Structures General Design Procedure Connections General Limiting Slenderness Parameters and Width-Thickness Ratios Acceptable Force D/C Ratios and Limiting Values Concrete Structures General Beam-Column (Bent Cap) Joints Seismic Response Modification Devices General Acceptance Criteria Defining Terms Acknowledgments References Further Reading Appendix A Section Properties for Latticed Members Concept Section Properties Buckling Mode Interaction For Compression Built-up members Buckling Mode Interaction Factor Limiting Effective Slenderness Ratios Analytical Equation Graphical Solution Acceptable Force D/C Ratios and Limiting Values Definition of Force Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratios Ductility and Load-Deformation Curves Force D/C Ratios and Ductility General Limiting Values Acceptable Force D/C Ratios Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios Inelastic Analysis Considerations Stiffness Reduction Reduced Section Properties Yield Surface Equation for Doubly Symmetrical Sections 17.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Effective Length Factors of Compression Members Introduction Basic Concept Isolated Columns Framed Columns---Alignment Chart Method Alignment Chart Method Requirements for Braced Frames Simplified Equations to Alignment Charts Modifications to Alignment Charts Different Restraining Girder End Conditions Different Restraining Column End Conditions Column Restrained by Tapered Rectangular Girders Unsymmetrical Frames Effects of Axial Forces in Restraining Members in Braced Frames Consideration of Partial Column Base Fixity Inelastic K-factor Framed Columns---Alternative Methods LeMessurier Method Lui Method Remarks Unbraced Frames With Leaning Columns Rigid Columns Leaning Columns Remarks Cross Bracing Systems Latticed and Built-Up Members Laced Columns Columns with Battens Laced-Battened Columns Columns with Perforated Cover Plates Built-Up Members with Bolted and Welded Connectors Tapered Columns Crane Columns Columns in Gable Frames Summary Defining Terms 18.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Stub Girder Floor Systems Introduction Description of the Stub Girder Floor System Methods of Analysis and Modeling General Observations Preliminary Design Procedure Choice of Stub Girder Component Sizes Modeling of the Stub Girder Design Criteria For Stub Girders General Observations Governing Sections of the Stub Girder Design Checks for the Bottom Chord Design Checks for the Concrete Slab Design Checks for the Shear Transfer Regions Design of Stubs for Shear and Axial Load Design of Stud Shear Connectors Design of Welds between Stub and Bottom Chord Floor Beam Connections to Slab and Bottom Chord Connection of Bottom Chord to Supports Use of Stub Girder for Lateral Load System Deflection Checks Influence of Method of Construction Defining Terms 19.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Plate and Box Girders Introduction Stability of the Compression Flange Vertical Buckling Lateral Buckling Torsional Buckling Compression Flange of a Box Girder Web Buckling Due to In-Plane Bending Nominal Moment Strength Web Longitudinal Stiffeners for Bending Design Ultimate Shear Capacity of the Web Web Stiffeners for Shear Design Flexure-Shear Interaction Steel Plate Shear Walls In-Plane Compressive Edge Loading Eccentric Edge Loading Load-Bearing Stiffeners Web Openings Girders with Corrugated Webs Defining Terms 20.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Steel Bridge Construction Introduction Construction Engineering in Relation to Design Engineering Construction Engineering Can Be Critical Premises and Objectives of Construction Engineering Fabrication and Erection Information Shown onbreak Design Plans Erection Feasibility Illustrations of Challenges in Constructionbreak Engineering Obstacles to Effective Construction Engineering Examples of Inadequate Construction Engineering Allowances and Effort Considerations Governing Construction Engineering Practices Two General Approaches to Fabrication andbreak Erection of Bridge Steelwork Example of Arch Bridge Construction Which Construction Procedure Is To Be Preferred? Example of Suspension Bridge Cable Construction Example of Cable-Stayed Bridge Construction Field Checking at Critical Erection Stages Determination of Erection Strength Adequacy Philosophy of the Erection Rating Factor Minimum Erection Rating Factors Deficiencies of Typical Construction Procedurebreak Drawings and Instructions Shop and Field Liaison by Construction Engineers Construction Practices and Specifications---newline The Future Concluding Comments Further Illustrations 21.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Basic Principles of Shock Loading Introduction Requirements for Optimum Design Absorbing Kinetic Energy Material Properties for Optimum Design Section Properties for Optimum Design Detailing and Workmanship for Shock Loading An Example of Shock Loading Conclusions Defining Terms References Further Reading 22.pdf Structural Engineering Handbook Contents file://toc.pdf Welded Connections Introduction Joint and Weld Terminology Joint Types Weld Types Fillet Welds Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove Welds Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds Double-Sided Welds Groove Weld Preparations Interaction of Joint Type and Weld Type Determining Weld Size Strength of Welded Connections Variables Affecting Welded Connection Strength Determining Throat Size for Tension or Shear Loads Determining Throat Size for Compressive Loads Determining Throat Size for Bending or Torsional Loads Treating the Weld as a Line to Find Weld Size Use Allowable Strength of Weld to Find Weld Size Applying the System to Any Welded Connection Sample Calculations Using This System Weld Size for Longitudinal Welds Minimum Weld Size Heat Input and Weld Size Required Weld vs. Minimum Weld Sizes Single-Pass Minimum Sized Welds Minimum Size

The Electrical Engineering Handbook set a new standard for breadth and depth of coverage in an engineering reference work. Every electrical engineer should have an opportunity to expand his expertise with this definitive guide. In a single volume, this handbook provides a complete reference to answer the questions encountered by practicing engineers in industry, government, or academia. This well-organized book is divided into 12 major sections that encompass the entire field of electrical engineering, including circuits, signal processing, electronics, electromagnetics, electrical effects and devices, and energy, and the emerging trends in the fields of communications, digital devices, computer engineering, systems, and biomedical engineering. A compendium of physical, chemical, material, and mathematical data completes this comprehensive resource. Every major topic is thoroughly covered and every important concept is defined, described, and illustrated. Conceptually challenging but carefully explained articles are equally valuable to the practicing engineer, researchers, and students. Справочник инженера электротехника устанавливает новый стандарт по широте и глубине охвата инженерно-справочной информации. Каждый инженер-электрик расширит свои знания с этим полным руководством. В одном томе собрана полная информация, чтобы ответить на вопросы, с которыми сталкиваются практикующие инженеры в любой отрасли промышленности или научных кругах. Это хорошо организованная книга разделена на 12 основных разделов, которые охватывают все области электротехники , в том числе схемотехнику, обработку сигналов, электронику, электромагнетизм, электрические эффекты и устройства, а также энергетику, новые тенденции в области связи, цифровых устройств, вычислительной техники и биомедицинской инженерии. Сборник физических, химических, и математической данных завершает этот информационный ресурс. Каждая из основных тем тщательно проработаны, каждое важное понятие определяется, описывается и поясняется рисунками. Концептуально сложные, но тщательно объяснённые статьи одинаково ценны для практикующего инженера, исследователя и студента.

Cover Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments Editor Contributors 1 Principles of IVUS Imaging 2 Basic IVUS Image Interpretation 3 Defining Indeterminate Lesions and Ambiguous Angiograms 4 IVUS Imaging in Coronary: Transplant Vasculopathy 5 Pre-Interventional Assessment of Target Vessels 6 IVUS Guidance of Coronary Stenting 7 IVUS Imaging in Chronic Total Occlusion Interventions 8 Role of IVUS in Detecting PCI Complications 9 Intravascular Ultrasound and Optical Coherence Tomography: Differential and Complementary Roles in Coronary Imaging Index

This handbook is a comprehensive, up-to-date reference book that addresses issues and concerns related to plant and crop stress effectively. While there are many reference books on soil salinity, sodicity, specific plant/crop salt and water stress, pollution, and other environmental stresses, all of these exist in relative isolation, covering only one specific topic. To solve plant and crop stress problems efficiently and effectively requires the accountability and coordination of all the factors and their interrelationship with plant/crop stress. While several authors have competently covered the many areas separately, the areas are, nonetheless, interrelated and should be covered comprehensively in a single text. Thus, the purpose of this book is to fill this niche. The new and updated third edition of the Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress has been written by more than 100 contributors from 27 countries, who are among the most competent and knowledgeable scientists, specialists, and researchers in the field of agriculture. It is intended to serve as a resource for preparing for lectures as well as for conducting research. Scientists, agricultural researchers, agricultural practitioners, and students will benefit from this unique comprehensive guide, which covers plant stress problems from the soil to the atmosphere.

This book takes readers through 45 challenging scenarios to teach communication skills in medicine. It follows the revised format of the Practical Assessment of Clinical Examination Skills (PACES) exam conducted by the Royal College of Physicians in the UK, which tests communication skills twice in two separate stations. As most scenarios in this book have been created in an acute medical unit setting, the approach followed should also appeal to senior medical students and trainees in internal medicine and general practice at all levels. Readers will learn:• How to convey abnormal test results and break bad news• How to discuss the diagnosis of a chronic disease and negotiate a management plan• How to communicate with patients who pose an ethical dilemma• How to communicate with challenging patients and relatives• What to tell patients or relatives when things go wrong• How to communicate with patients and relatives regarding end-of-life issuesKey Features:• Takes readers through a simple, step-by-step approach to skilfully dealing with common challenging communication scenarios they face in their daily practice• Guides readers on how to communicate in layman’s terms without using medical jargon, as it is fully dialogued, proving particularly helpful to non-UK candidates whose first language is not English• Simplifies several complex ethical and medicolegal principles, such as treatment of patients lacking capacity, dealing with patients who refuse consent, confidentiality, counselling a non-compliant patient, basic genetic counselling, management of patients who demand non-indicated investigations or treatments, open disclosure after a medical error, preparing an advance decision and lasting power of attorney, issues around brain death and organ donation, tube feeding, ‘Do Not Attempt Resuscitation’ (DNAR) orders, and referral to the coroner.

While ultra-precision machines are now achieving sub-nanometer accuracy, unique challenges continue to arise due to their tight specifications. Written to meet the growing needs of mechanical engineers and other professionals to understand these specialized design process issues, Introduction to Precision Machine Design and Error Assessment places a particular focus on the errors associated with precision design, machine diagnostics, error modeling, and error compensation. - Error Assessment and Control The book begins with a brief overview of precision engineering and applications before introducing error measurements and offering an example of a numerical-controlled machine error assessment. The contributors discuss thermal error sources and transfer, modeling and simulation, compensation, and machine tool diagnostics, and then examine the principles and strategies involved in designing standard-size precision machines. Later chapters consider parallel kinematic machines, the precision control techniques covering linear systems and nonlinear aspects, and various types of drives, actuators, and sensors required for machines. Case studies and numerous diagrams and tables are provided throughout the book to clarify material. - A Window Into the Future of High-Precision Manufacturing Achieving ultra-high precision in the manufacture of extremely small devices opens up prospects in several diverse and futuristic fields, while at the same time greatly increases our living standards by offering quality and reliability for conventional products and those on the microscale. With contributions by a team of international experts, this work serves as a comprehensive and authoritative reference for professionals aiming to stay abreast of this developing area.

A comprehensive guide to planning, constructing, and delivering presentations. This is the missing manual that every doctor needs Rowan Parks, Professor of Surgical Sciences and Honorary Consultant Surgeon, University of Edinburgh; President of Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh “A fantastic, fool proof guide to presenting like a pro!” Alice Roberts, Professor of Public Engagement in Science, University of Birmingham; Broadcaster and Author This book will teach healthcare professionals how to craft more effective and engaging PowerPoint® presentations, taking readers through the preparation of a presentation from concept to delivery. The book is based on decades of the authorsï¿1⁄2€ï¿1⁄2 personal experience teaching PowerPoint® and slide design. The text is based on a sound understanding of educational theory. Readers will learn how to present interesting and visually appealing slides. In particular, the focus will be on designing professional looking slides that convey a clear and memorable message. The book will be valuable to any healthcare professional required to put together presentations, whether a high-flying academic doctor or nurse presenting their research at international conferences, a trainee giving a talk at an in-house educational session, or a student preparing a presentation as part of their course work.

The overall goal of this book is to facilitate learning of the knowledge, skills, and clinical abilities required to manage acute skin trauma effectively. It is intended for professional athletic training students, practicing athletic trainers, and other health care professionals responsible for acute wound care.

Cable and Wireless Networks: Theory and Practice presents a comprehensive approach to networking, cable and wireless communications, and networking security. It describes the most important state-of-the-art fundamentals and system details in the field, as well as many key aspects concerning the development and understanding of current and emergent services. In this book, the author gathers in a single volume current and emergent cable and wireless network services and technologies. Unlike other books, which cover each one of these topics independently without establishing their natural relationships, this book allows students to quickly learn and improve their mastering of the covered topics with a deeper understanding of their interconnection. It also collects in a single source the latest developments in the area, typically only within reach of an active researcher. Each chapter illustrates the theory of cable and wireless communications with relevant examples, hands-on exercises, and review questions suitable for readers with a BSc degree or an MSc degree in computer science or electrical engineering. This approach makes the book well suited for higher education students in courses such as networking, telecommunications, mobile communications, and network security. This is an excellent reference book for academic, institutional, and industrial professionals with technical responsibilities in planning, design and development of networks, telecommunications and security systems, and mobile communications, as well as for Cisco CCNA and CCNP exam preparation.

Covering every aspect of the process, this book introduces the design, development, manufacturing, and marketing of footwear. It also presents a comprehensive discussion of how the footwear industry attempts to cater to the wide needs of sophisticated and demanding customers. The text provides a basic understanding of the technology and techniques involved in the design and development of a popular and demanding consumer product. Topics include the measurement and testing process, foot and footwear interaction, mass customization, the manufacturing process, and the marketing process. The author also addresses the latest trends in footwear technology.

1.1 The Working Fluid: Blood......Page 2 1.2 The Pumping Station: The Heart......Page 5 1.3 The Piping Network: Blood Vessels......Page 7 1.4 Cardiovascular Control......Page 10 References......Page 12 2.1 Endocrine System: Hormones, Signals, and Communication Between Cells and Tissues......Page 15 Hormones Acting at the Cell Surface......Page 18 2.3 Endocrine System: Some Other Aspects of Regulation and Control......Page 20 Negative Feedback......Page 21 References......Page 22 3.1 Definitions......Page 24 3.2 Functions of the Nervous System......Page 26 3.3 Representation of Information in the Nervous System......Page 27 3.4 Lateral Inhibition......Page 29 Pattern Recognition......Page 30 Memory and Learning......Page 32 References......Page 34 The Eyes......Page 36 The Retina......Page 37 Superior Colliculus......Page 38 Area V1......Page 39 Higher Cortical Centers......Page 42 References......Page 43 Further Reading......Page 44 Acoustics......Page 46 The External Ear......Page 47 The Inner Ear......Page 48 The Basilar Membrane......Page 49 Outer Hair Cells......Page 50 Physiology......Page 51 Neural Basis of Processing......Page 52 Inferior Colliculi (IC)......Page 55 Auditory Thalamocortical System......Page 56 5.5 Models of Auditory Function......Page 57 References......Page 58 6.2Gastrointestinal Electrical Oscillations......Page 60 Minute Rhythms......Page 62 Terminology......Page 64 Gastric ECA......Page 65 Small Intestinal ECA......Page 66 Anatomical Features......Page 67 6.7Epilogue......Page 68 References......Page 69 Conducting Airways......Page 74 Alveoli......Page 75 Pulmonary Circulation......Page 77 7.2 Lung Volumes and Gas Exchange......Page 78 7.3 Perfusion of the Lung......Page 80 7.4 Gas Partial Pressure......Page 81 7.5 Pulmonary Mechanics......Page 83 7.6 Respiratory Control......Page 84 7.7 The Pulmonary Function Laboratory......Page 85 Spirometry......Page 86 Diffusing Capacity......Page 88 Defining Terms......Page 89 Additional References......Page 90 Basic Electrophysiology......Page 0 8.1 Membranes......Page 93 Membrane Currents......Page 94 Conduction Along an Intracellular Path......Page 95 Duality......Page 96 Polarized State......Page 97 Cardiac Action Potentials......Page 98 8.5 Initiation of Action Potentials......Page 99 Numerical Model......Page 100 Sequence of Action Potentials......Page 101 Transmembrane Current......Page 102 Movement of the Local Current Loop......Page 103 8.7 Extracellular Waveforms......Page 104 Spatial Relation to Intracellular......Page 105 8.8 Stimulation......Page 106 Defining Terms......Page 108 References......Page 109 9.1 Basic Relations in the Idealized Homogeneous Volume Conductor......Page 111 9.2 Monopole and Dipole Fields in the Uniform Volume of Infinite Extent......Page 113 9.3 Volume Conductor Properties of Passive Tissue......Page 114 9.4 Effects of Volume Conductor Inhomogeneities: Secondary Sources and Images......Page 115 References......Page 117 10.1Introduction......Page 120 10.2Cell Suspensions......Page 121 10.3Fiber Suspensions......Page 123 10.4Syncytia......Page 128 Defining Terms......Page 130 Further Information......Page 131 Membrane Models......Page 133 11.1 The Action Potential......Page 134 11.2 Patch Clamp Data......Page 135 Hodgkin–Huxley Resistor Battery Model......Page 137 Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz Constant Field Formulation......Page 138 Eyring Rate Theory Models of Ionic Currents......Page 139 Synapses......Page 140 11.4 Nerve Cells......Page 141 Sensory Neurons......Page 143 Efferent Neurons......Page 144 11.5 Skeletal Muscle Cells......Page 145 11.6 Endocrine Cells......Page 146 11.7 Cardiac Cells......Page 147 11.11Simplified Models......Page 148 Defining Terms......Page 149 References......Page 150 Further Information......Page 154 Numerical Methods for Bioelectric Field Problems......Page 157 12.1 Problem Formulation......Page 158 12.2 Model Construction and Mesh Generation......Page 159 12.3 Numerical Methods......Page 160 Approximation Techniques: The Galerkin Method......Page 161 The Finite-Difference Method......Page 162 The Finite-Element Method......Page 163 Application of the FE Method for 3D Domains......Page 164 Solution Methods and Computational Considerations......Page 168 Comparison of Methods......Page 169 12.4 Adaptive Methods......Page 170 Energy Norms......Page 171 Acknowledgments......Page 172 References......Page 173 Principles of Electromyography......Page 178 14.1 The Structure and Function of Muscle......Page 179 14.2 The Origin of Electromyograms......Page 180 Concentric Electrode EMG......Page 183 Single-Fiber EMG......Page 185 Defining Terms......Page 186 Further Information......Page 187 15.1 Historical Perspective......Page 189 15.2 EEG Recording Techniques......Page 190 15.3 Use of Amplitude Histographs to Quantify the EEG......Page 192 Skewness......Page 193 Kurtosis......Page 194 15.4 Frequency Analysis of the EEG......Page 195 15.5 Nonlinear Analysis of the EEG......Page 196 Defining Terms......Page 199 Further Information......Page 200 Origin of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Signals......Page 202 Independence of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Signals......Page 203 Lead Vector......Page 204 Lead Field......Page 205 Selection of the Source Model for MCG......Page 207 Detection of the Equivalent Magnetic Dipole of the Heart......Page 209 Diagnostic Performance of ECG and MCG......Page 210 Sensitivity Distribution of the Axial Magnetometer......Page 213 Half-Sensitivity Volumes of Electro- and Magnetoencephalography Leads......Page 214 Sensitivity of EEG and MEG to Radial and Tangential Sources......Page 216 References......Page 217 17.1 Electric Stimulation of Neural Tissue......Page 219 17.2 Physiology of Excitation......Page 220 Quasi-Static Formulation......Page 221 Equivalence Between Dielectric and Conductive Media......Page 222 Potential from a Monopole Source......Page 223 Potential From Bipolar Electrodes and Dipoles......Page 224 Inhomogeneous Volume Conductors......Page 225 17.4 Electric Field Interactions with Excitable Tissue......Page 226 Discrete Cable Equation for Myelinated Axons......Page 228 Equivalent Cable Equation for Myelinated Fibers......Page 230 Activating Function......Page 231 Current-Distance Relationship......Page 232 Anodal Surround Block......Page 233 Charge Duration Curve......Page 234 Electrochemistry of Stimulation......Page 235 Corrosion......Page 236 Tissue Damage......Page 237 References......Page 238 Further Information......Page 240 18.1 Structure of Bone......Page 242 18.2 Composition of Bone......Page 243 18.3 Elastic Properties......Page 245 18.5 Modeling Elastic Behavior......Page 251 18.6 Viscoelastic Properties......Page 252 18.7 Related Research......Page 255 Defining Terms......Page 256 References......Page 257 Further Information......Page 258 Reuss Orthotropic......Page 260 Incompressibility of the Vessel Wall......Page 262 19.2 Vascular Anatomy......Page 263 19.3 Axisymmetric Deformation......Page 264 19.5 Equilibrium......Page 266 19.6 Strain Energy Density Functions......Page 268 Isotropic Blood Vessels......Page 269 Anisotropic Blood Vessels......Page 271 References......Page 274 Joint-Articulating Surface Motion......Page 276 Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 277 Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 278 Joint Contact......Page 279 20.3 Hip......Page 281 Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 282 Joint Contact......Page 284 Axes of Rotation......Page 286 Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 287 Joint Contact......Page 292 Axes of Rotation......Page 293 Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 295 Joint Contact......Page 296 Axes of Rotation......Page 297 20.6 Wrist......Page 298 Joint Contact......Page 299 Axes of Rotation......Page 301 Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 302 Axes of Rotation......Page 304 20.8 Summary......Page 307 References......Page 309 Basics of Blood Gas Instrumentation......Page 315 A.1 pH and PCO2 Electrochemical Sensors......Page 316 A.2 PO2 Electrochemical Sensors of Dissolved Oxygen......Page 318 A.4 General Aspects of a Measuring Device......Page 319 A.5 Factors that Influence the Measurements......Page 321 A.6 New Generations of pH and Blood Gas Sensors......Page 322 A.7 Continuous Monitoring of Blood Gases......Page 323 A.8 Optical Sensors in Blood Gas Analyzers......Page 324 References......Page 325 The Role of Professional Societies in Biomedical E.........Page 327 American Institute for Medical and Biological Engi.........Page 328 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (.........Page 329 French Groups for Medical and Biological Engineeri.........Page 330 International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)......Page 331 Bioengineering in Latin America......Page 332 References......Page 333

Reading an ECG correctly and working out what to do next is an invaluable skill for any doctor, nurse or paramedic when evaluating the condition of a patient.Making Sense of the ECG: Cases for Self Assessment helps students and more experienced healthcare practitioners to consolidate their knowledge of ECG interpretation through real-life scenarios. The patients’ history, examination and initial investigations are presented along with questions on the ECG interpretation, allowing readers to assess their ability to interpret ECGs accurately, perform differential diagnosis and decide upon the most appropriate clinical management in each situation. Detailed explanatory answers respond to the questions posed, as well as providing practical clinical guidance and essential revision support.Used alongside the popular textbook Making Sense of the ECG: A Hands-on Guide 6E, or independently, as a vital tool to consolidate knowledge and prepare for clinical practice, this latest edition has been fully updated in line with the latest management guidelines and features a new appendix listing the key diagnosis in each ECG, making it easier to locate topics for revision.

From the basics to advanced research, the Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology provides a solid foundation for anyone interested in energy engineering through comprehensive coverage of over 190 topics centered around the generation, production, consumption, and conservation of energy in all of its various forms. Available in both print and online formats, this two-volume set features basic terminology, historical background, discussion of key issues, various applications, and a concise but authoritative reference list for each entry. This indispensable lexicon also addresses principles of energy analysis, utility regulation, energy facilities, environmental issues, as well as other energy uses.